Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Οικολογία
Θαλασσινό(ά); Υφάλμυρο; ωκεανόδρομο(ς) (Ref. 51243); εύρος βάθους 1 - 150 m (Ref. 28173). Tropical; 56°N - 30°S, 92°W - 42°E
Atlantic Ocean: in tropical and subtropical waters, including the Mediterranean, Black Sea, Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. Highly migratory species
Length at first maturity / Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age
Maturity: Lm 41.8 range ? - 60 cm
Max length : 122 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 26340); common length : 80.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 5217); μεγ. δημοσιευμένο βάρος: 16.5 kg (Ref. 40637); μεγ. αναφερόμενη ηλικία: 10 έτη (Ref. 28173)
Ραχιαίες άκανθες (συνολικά) : 15 - 16; Μαλακές ραχιαίες ακτίνες (συνολικά) : 11 - 13; Εδρικές άκανθες: 0; Μαλακές εδρικές ακτίνες: 11 - 15; Σπόνδυλοι: 39. Anterior spines of first dorsal fin much higher than the those mid-way, giving the fin a strongly concave outline. Interpelvic process small and bifid. Body naked except for corselet and lateral line. Swim bladder absent. Incipient protuberances on 33rd and 34th vertebrae. Back with broken oblique stripes (Ref. 168). Caudal peduncle with 7-8 finlets. Dark stripes on the back and with 3-7 dark spots between pelvic and pectoral fins (Ref. 35388).
Found in neritic waters close inshore (Ref. 13628). This schooling species is an opportunistic predator which feeds on virtually everything within its range, i.e. crustaceans, fishes (mainly clupeoid), squids, heteropods and tunicates. Eggs and larvae are pelagic (Ref. 6769). Specialized traps (madragues) are used in Tunisia and Morocco. Diving bird flocks may indicate large schools (Ref. 9710). Utilized fresh, dried-salted, smoked, canned and frozen (Ref. 9987). A popular game fish (Ref. 9710).
Eggs are shed in several batches when the water is warmest.
Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 2. Scombrids of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of tunas, mackerels, bonitos and related species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(2):137 p. (Ref. 168)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 30303)
Human uses
αλιεία: Εμπορικό(ά); αλιεία αναψυχής: ναί
Εργαλεία
Special reports
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 11.5 - 27.8, mean 23.3 °C (based on 1094 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01000 (0.00866 - 0.01154), b=3.06 (3.02 - 3.10), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Ελαστικότητα (Ref.
120179): Μεσαίο(α), ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού 1,4 - 4,4 έτη (K=0.13-0.22; tm=2; tmax=8; Fec=71,000).
Prior r = 0.57, 95% CL = 0.37 - 0.85, Based on 5 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (41 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (40 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 15.6 [6.9, 118.0] mg/100g; Iron = 1.86 [0.70, 4.94] mg/100g; Protein = 23.1 [21.1, 24.8] %; Omega3 = 0.228 [0.133, 0.398] g/100g; Selenium = 58.4 [30.9, 111.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 24.3 [5.5, 105.8] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.487 [0.245, 1.888] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
