Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
بوم شناسي
دريايي; لب شور; اقیانوس رو (Ref. 51243); تغييرات عمق 1 - 150 m (Ref. 28173). Tropical; 56°N - 30°S, 92°W - 42°E
Atlantic Ocean: in tropical and subtropical waters, including the Mediterranean, Black Sea, Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. Highly migratory species
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / سن
Maturity: Lm 41.8 range ? - 60 cm
Max length : 122 cm TL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 26340); common length : 80.0 cm TL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 5217); بيشينه وزن گزارش شده: 16.5 kg (Ref. 40637); بيشينه سن گزارش شده: 10 سال ها (Ref. 28173)
خارهاي باله پشتي (کل) : 15 - 16; شعاع نرم باله پشتي (کل) : 11 - 13; خارهاي باله مخرجي: 0; شعاع نرم باله مخرجي: 11 - 15; مهره ها: 39. Anterior spines of first dorsal fin much higher than the those mid-way, giving the fin a strongly concave outline. Interpelvic process small and bifid. Body naked except for corselet and lateral line. Swim bladder absent. Incipient protuberances on 33rd and 34th vertebrae. Back with broken oblique stripes (Ref. 168). Caudal peduncle with 7-8 finlets. Dark stripes on the back and with 3-7 dark spots between pelvic and pectoral fins (Ref. 35388).
Found in neritic waters close inshore (Ref. 13628). This schooling species is an opportunistic predator which feeds on virtually everything within its range, i.e. crustaceans, fishes (mainly clupeoid), squids, heteropods and tunicates. Eggs and larvae are pelagic (Ref. 6769). Specialized traps (madragues) are used in Tunisia and Morocco. Diving bird flocks may indicate large schools (Ref. 9710). Utilized fresh, dried-salted, smoked, canned and frozen (Ref. 9987). A popular game fish (Ref. 9710).
Eggs are shed in several batches when the water is warmest.
Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 2. Scombrids of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of tunas, mackerels, bonitos and related species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(2):137 p. (Ref. 168)
وضعيت در فهرست قرمز IUCN (Ref. 130435)
خطر برای انسان ها
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 30303)
استفاده انسانی
ماهي گيري – شيلات: تجاري; ماهي ها ي سرگرم كننده: بله
ابزارها
گزارش های ويژه
بارگيری XML
منابع اينترنتي
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 11.5 - 27.8, mean 23.3 °C (based on 1094 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01000 (0.00866 - 0.01154), b=3.06 (3.02 - 3.10), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
جهندگی (Ref.
120179): متوسط, كمينه زمان لازم براي دو برابر شدن جمعيت 4/1 – 4/4 سال (K=0.13-0.22; tm=2; tmax=8; Fec=71,000).
Prior r = 0.57, 95% CL = 0.37 - 0.85, Based on 5 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (41 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (40 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 15.6 [6.9, 118.0] mg/100g; Iron = 1.86 [0.70, 4.94] mg/100g; Protein = 23.1 [21.1, 24.8] %; Omega3 = 0.228 [0.133, 0.398] g/100g; Selenium = 58.4 [30.9, 111.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 24.3 [5.5, 105.8] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.487 [0.245, 1.888] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
