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Teleostei >
Osteoglossiformes (Bony tongues)
骨舌魚目 (Bony tongues) >
Notopteridae (Featherbacks or knifefishes)
弓背魚科 (Featherbacks or knifefishes) > Notopterinae
Etymology: Notopterus: Greek, noton = back + Greek, pteron = wing, fin (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Pallas.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; pH range: 6.0 - 6.5; dH range: 3 - 8; 河川洄游 (Ref. 51243). 熱帶; 24°C - 28°C (Ref. 1672); 35°N - 10°S
Asia: Indus, Ganges-Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, Krishna, Cauvery, and other river basins in southern India; Irrawaddy, and Salween; Meklong, Chao Phraya, Mekong and virtually all coastal river basins of peninsular Thailand and Malaysia; Sumatra and Java. Has never been reported in Borneo and is not present in the Red River basin of Tonkin (North Viet Nam).
亞洲: 印度河, 恒河-在印度南部的雅魯藏布江，馬哈維里河，克里希納河，考未立河與其他的河流域; 依洛瓦底江 , 與薩爾溫江; Meklong 河，湄南河, 湄公河與泰馬半島的事實上所有海岸河流域; 蘇門答臘與爪哇。 從未在婆羅洲被報告與是不出現在東京 (越南北方部) 的紅河流域.
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ?, range 15 - ? cm
Max length : 60.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 7050); common length : 25.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 4832)
背的軟條 (總數) : 7 - 9; 臀鰭軟條: 97 - 111. Distinguishable by its plain brown adult coloration and the convex or only slightly concave dorsal head profile; juveniles (<5 cm SL) with dark bars on the whole body (Ref. 27732); preopercular scale rows 6-8 (Ref. 7431); silvery-white with numerous fine grey spots on body and head (Ref. 4832).
可區別的用它全褐色的成魚顏色與中凸或僅略凹的頭部背面輪廓; 稚魚 (<5 公分 SL) 在全身上有深色的橫帶;(參考文獻 27732) 前鰓蓋骨鱗片列 6-8;(參考文獻 7431) 在身體與頭部上銀白色有很多的細灰色斑點。 (參考文獻 4832)
Obligate air-breathing (Ref. 126274); Found in clear streams and enters brackish waters (Ref. 4832). Adults inhabit standing and sluggish waters of lakes, floodplains, canals and ponds (Ref. 12693). Undertake localized lateral migrations from the Mekong River to floodplains during the flood season and back to the mainstream or other permanent water bodies during the dry season (Ref. 37770). Common in tanks throughout the greater parts of India. Feed on insects, fish (Ref. 12693), crustaceans and some young roots of aquatic plants (Ref. 6459). Active during twilight and night. Colonize and breed seasonally during rainy days and migrates back to permanent waters in dry season (Ref. 12693). Breeding takes place in stagnant or running waters in the rainy season. Eggs are laid in small clumps on submerged vegetation. A female measuring 21-25 cm usually lays 1,200-3,000 eggs. The fish is relished both in fresh and dried state. Soup made from it is reported to be given to people with measles (Ref. 7431). Of high economic importance as food fish in South and Southeast Asia to Borneo and Sumatra and taken by all types of small-scale fishing gears (Ref. 57235).
發現於清澈溪流而且進入半鹹淡水域了。 (參考文獻 4832) 棲息於湖，洪泛區，運河與池塘的不動與緩動性水域。 (參考文獻 12693) 在乾季的時候進行在洪水季節的時候局部的側邊迴游到洪泛區的從湄公河而且游回主流或其他的永久性水體。 (參考文獻 37770) 在印度的較大的部份各處常見於水族箱。 吃昆蟲，魚 (參考文獻 12693) ，甲殼動物與一些水生植物的嫩根。 (參考文獻 6459) 活躍的在晨昏與夜晚期間。 季節性地在下雨天的時候轉移棲地與繁殖而且迴游回到永久的水域在乾季時。 (參考文獻 12693) 繁殖發生於在雨季中的污濁或流動的水域。 卵在水中植物上的小叢中生產。 通常測量 21-25 公分的一條母魚生下 1,200-3,000個卵。 魚被品嚐在生鮮與乾燥狀態中。 做從它的湯被報告對麻疹病人有。 (參考文獻 7431)
Spawning occurs at night (Ref. 1672).亞洲: 印度河, 恒河-在印度南部的雅魯藏布江，馬哈維里河，克里希納河，考未立河與其他的河流域; 依洛瓦底江 , 與薩爾溫江; Meklong 河，湄南河, 湄公河與泰馬半島的事實上所有海岸河流域; 蘇門答臘與爪哇。 從未在婆羅洲被報告與是不出現在東京 (越南北方部) 的紅河流域.
Roberts, T.R., 1992. Systematic revision of the old world freshwater fish family Notopteridae. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwat. 2(4):361-383. (Ref. 7431)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 養殖: 商業性; 水族館: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0010 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00603 (0.00472 - 0.00769), b=3.07 (3.00 - 3.14), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (49 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 190 [79, 465] mg/100g; Iron = 1.26 [0.60, 2.73] mg/100g; Protein = 17.4 [15.6, 19.4] %; Omega3 = 0.175 [0.097, 0.306] g/100g; Selenium = 33.5 [12.4, 105.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 20.1 [5.3, 72.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.19 [0.64, 2.18] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
