Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecologia
marino; acqua dolce; salmastro demersale; catadromo (Ref. 46888); distribuzione batimetrica 0 - 5 m (Ref. 86942). Tropical; 30°N - 35°S, 24°E - 138°W
Indo-Pacific: Persian Gulf (Ref.80050) and Red Sea to Samoa, north to Japan. Collected at Natal, South Africa (Ref. 11228).
Size / Peso / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 40.0 cm SL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 9812); common length : 25.0 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 9812)
Spine dorsali (totale) : 4 - 5; Raggi dorsali molli (totale) : 8 - 9; Spine anali: 3; Raggi anali molli: 9. Dark greenish dorsally, brownish over head, white ventrally; 3-6 indistinct, dark stripes along upper rows of scales; greyish dorsal fins; caudal fin bluish with black margin (Ref. 9812). Yellowish pectoral fin and may have a blue spot at fin origin (Ref. 9812).
Form schools in shallow coastal waters and enters lagoons, estuaries, and fresh water to feed (Ref. 9812). Juveniles may enter rice fields and mangroves (Ref. 9812). Feed on small algae, diatoms and benthic detrital material taken in with sand and mud; fry take zooplankton, diatoms, detrital material and inorganic sediment (Ref. 9812). Oviparous, eggs are pelagic and non-adhesive (Ref. 205). Spawning occurs at sea. Also caught with stakenets (Ref. 9812). Marketed fresh and salted.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturità | Riproduzione | Deposizione | Uova | Fecundity | Larve
Thomson, J.M., 1984. Mugilidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). volume 3. [pag. var.]. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 2830)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Pesca: commerciale; Acquacoltura: commerciale; esca: usually
Strumenti
Special reports
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 25.2 - 29.3, mean 28.4 °C (based on 3436 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5078 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01259 (0.01055 - 0.01502), b=2.93 (2.90 - 2.96), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 2.7 ±0.30 se; based on food items.
Resilienza (Ref.
120179): Medio, tempo minimo di raddoppiamento della popolazione 1.4 - 4.4 anni (K=0.15-0.63).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (32 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 173 [76, 396] mg/100g; Iron = 1.16 [0.53, 2.47] mg/100g; Protein = 18.2 [16.5, 19.9] %; Omega3 = 0.262 [0.128, 0.590] g/100g; Selenium = 31.5 [15.5, 77.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 24 [6, 81] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.86 [1.24, 2.81] mg/100g (wet weight);
