Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
पारिस्थितिकी
समुद्री; खारा ड़िमरसल; गहराई सीमा 10 - ? m. Subtropical; 28°S - 34°S
Southeast Atlantic: Mossel Bay to Natal in South Africa.
Length at first maturity / आकार / वज़न / Age
Maturity: Lm 57.5 range ? - 70 cm
Max length : 200 cm TL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 3198); common length : 100.0 cm TL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 3507); अधिकतम प्रकाशित वज़न: 80.0 kg (Ref. 4537)
पृष्ठीय रीढ़ (सम्पूर्ण) : 11; पृष्ठीय सौफट रेज़ (सम्पूर्ण) : 10 - 11; गुदा कांटा: 3; ऐनल सौफट रेज़: 8. Reddish, bronzy or golden-yellow in color; young with a blotch behind dorsal fin.
Found near rocky banks in coastal waters including estuaries. Adults solitary and territorial. Feeds on octopus, crabs and fish, especially Spondyliosoma. The flesh is highly esteemed, but the liver is poisonous due to high vitamin A content which causes hypervitaminosis. Popular angling fish. Largest of the porgies.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | पुनरुत्पत्ति | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | लार्वा
Smith, J.L.B. and M.M. Smith, 1986. Sparidae. p. 580-594. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 3198)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Poisonous to eat (Ref. 3507)
Human uses
मात्स्यिकी: लघु वाणिज्य; आखेट मत्स्य: हां
साधन
Special reports
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इंटरनेट स्रोत
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 15 - 24, mean 22.2 °C (based on 10 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01549 (0.00889 - 0.02698), b=3.04 (2.89 - 3.19), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.61 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 14.6 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
लौटाव (Ref.
120179): निम्न, न्यूनतम जनसंख्या दुगनी होने का समय 4.5 - 14 वर्ष। (K=0.08; tm=5-7; tmax=30;).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (80 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (92 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 29 [17, 56] mg/100g; Iron = 0.833 [0.448, 1.585] mg/100g; Protein = 20.2 [19.2, 21.3] %; Omega3 = 0.36 [0.22, 0.60] g/100g; Selenium = 37.5 [16.0, 74.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.94 [2.73, 33.75] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.486 [0.332, 0.711] mg/100g (wet weight);
