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Teleostei >
Acanthuriformes (Surgeonfishes) >
Leiognathidae (Slimys, slipmouths, or ponyfishes) > Leiognathinae
Etymology: Leiognathus: Greek, leios = smooth + Greek, gnathos = jaw (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Forsskål.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 淡水; 半咸淡水 居于水底的; 非产卵性溯降河的; 深度上下限 10 - 110 m (Ref. 12260). 熱帶; 26°C - 29°C (Ref. 4959); 30°N - 36°S, 27°E - 170°W
Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea, Persian Gulf and East Africa (including Reunion, Comoros, Seychelles, Madagascar and Mauritius) to Fiji, north to the Ryukyu Islands, south to Australia.
印度-西太平洋: 紅海, 波斯灣與東非 (包括留尼旺島，科摩洛，塞錫爾群島 , 馬達加斯加與模里西斯) 到斐濟, 北至琉球群島, 南至澳洲。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 10.7 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 28.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 9710); common length : 18.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 47581)
背棘 (总数) : 8; 背的软条 (总数) : 15 - 16; 臀棘: 3; 臀鳍软条: 14 - 15. This species is distinguished by the following characters: body very deep, compressed, with a strongly humped back; body depth 1.7-1.9 times in standard length; mouth pointing downward when protracted; gill rakers short and fleshy, less than 1/2 length of corresponding gill lamellae, total gill rakers on first gill arch 18-22; head and breast scaleless; tubed scales on lateral line 61-66. Colour of adults, back greyish, belly silvery and many parallel close-set faint bars on back; usually a dark brown saddle on caudal peduncle; axil of pectoral fins grey to black; margin of soft dorsal fin black; both caudal-fin lobes with broad dusky margins; pectoral, pelvic, and anal fins colourless to yellowish. In juveniles (5-7 cm TL), thin, closely arranged, grey vertical lines descending from back to about midheight; membrane between anal-fin spines conspicuously yellow; posterior margin of caudal-fin lobes pale yellow and dusky; other fins hyaline; snout dotted black (Ref. 47581).
身体纵深有短的圆形吻与大的眼.(参考文献 48635) 身体银色的; 尾梗有一个小的褐色鞍状斑; 臀鳍淡黄色的; 背鳍透明。 强烈弓形的背面。 裸露的头部; 有颈背的棘。 伸长的嘴巴分向朝下。
Found in river mouths and muddy inshore areas (Ref. 2847, 37816), often in mangrove areas (Ref. 48635). Adults are coastal inhabitants found on soft bottoms, usually between depths of 10-70 meters. Juveniles are commonly found in mangrove estuaries and tidal creeks, sometimes entering the lower reaches of freshwater streams (Ref. 44894). Adults move in schools. Frequently ascend into freshwater reaches of rivers (Ref. 12693). Active by day (Ref. 12693). Feed on polychaetes, small crustaceans, small fishes (Ref. 30573) and worms (Ref. 12693). Important food fish in the tropics (Ref. 4376). Caught near the bottom with bottom trawls, set nets, push nets, dip nets, and beach seines. In Indian waters, schools near the surface during April-May when caught with drift gill nets. Larger specimens sorted for human consumption and marketed fresh or dried-salted, but surplus fish used to feed ducks, converted to fishmeal, or discarded (Ref. 47581).
发现于河口与泥泞的近海区域 (参考文献 2847,37816)了, 常见于红树林区域中。 (参考文献 48635) 成鱼是海岸的栖居动物发现于软质底部了, 通常在深度 10-70 公尺之间。 稚鱼是普遍发现于红树林河口与潮汐的小溪, 有时进入淡水溪流的下面范围.(参考文献 44894) 成鱼移动成群。 时常上溯进入河的淡水范围。 (参考文献 12693) 活跃的白天.(参考文献 12693) 吃多毛类动物，小型甲壳动物 , 小鱼 (参考文献 30573) 与蠕虫。 (参考文献 12693)在熱帶中的重要食用魚.(參考文獻 4376) 在市場上銷售生鮮地了或乾燥的.(參考文獻 12484)
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔鱼
印度-西太平洋: 紅海, 波斯灣與東非 (包括留尼旺島，科摩洛，塞錫爾群島 , 馬達加斯加與模里西斯) 到斐濟, 北至琉球群島, 南至澳洲。
James, P.S.B.R., 1984. Leiognathidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). Vol. 2. FAO, Rome. pag. var. (Ref. 3424)
人类利用
渔业: 低经济; 养殖: 商业性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.7 - 29.1, mean 28 °C (based on 1800 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01660 (0.01308 - 0.02105), b=3.06 (2.99 - 3.13), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.0 ±0.40 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 1.2 (0.9 - 1.6) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 11
growth studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 高度, 族群倍增时间少于 15个月 (K=0.35-1.88).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (17 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 209 [112, 444] mg/100g; Iron = 1.6 [0.9, 2.9] mg/100g; Protein = 18.9 [17.4, 20.5] %; Omega3 = 0.22 [0.12, 0.41] g/100g; Selenium = 73.2 [37.7, 156.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 7.83 [2.57, 24.74] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.49 [1.02, 2.25] mg/100g (wet weight);
