分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 降海洄游 (Ref. 51243). 溫帶; 60°N - 32°N
North America: Pacific slope drainages from Seward, Alaska to Ventura River, California, USA; also east of Continental Divide in upper Peace River in British Columbia, Canada. Exhibits coastal and inland forms that are genetically distinct (Ref. 27547).
北美洲: 來自 Seward ，阿拉斯加到 Ventura 河的太平洋斜坡流域, 美國加州; 也在加拿大卑詩省的和平河上游中的大陸分歧以東。 展現海岸而內陸的表格在遺傳基因上那是明顯的.(參考文獻 27547)
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 30.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5723); common length : 7.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 12193); 最大年齡: 7 年 (Ref. 28210)
背棘 (總數) : 7 - 10; 背的軟條 (總數) : 18 - 23; 臀棘: 0; 臀鰭軟條: 15 - 19; 脊椎骨: 34 - 39. Distinguished by a complete lateral line, a single pore at the tip of the chin, the presence of 15 to 19 anal rays, and well developed palatine teeth (Ref. 27547). Pectorals large and fan-shaped; caudal truncate or slightly rounded (Ref. 27547). Dark brown, olive or gray above and on sides, whitish yellow to white below; usually three dark irregular blotches or bars below soft dorsal; vague irregular dark mark on sides; fins (except anal) have dark bars, the first dorsal with a dark spot towards the rear (Ref. 27547). Both sexes show an orange band on the edge of the first dorsal fin at spawning time (Ref. 27547). The inland form is generally more densely prickled over a larger portion of the body while the coastal form shows a reduced number of prickles (Ref. 28211).
區別的特徵為側線完整了, 在下巴的頂端的一個孔, 那有 15 到 19個臀鰭鰭條 , 與發展良好的顎齒.(參考文獻 27547) 胸鰭大而扇形的; 尾部的截形或略圓的.(參考文獻 27547) 深褐色的﹐橄欖色或上面灰色的與在側邊上, 白黃色的到腹面白色的; 通常三個深色的不規則的斑塊或橫帶在軟的之下背部的; 在側邊上的模糊的不規則的深色印記; 鰭 (除了肛門的之外) 有深色的橫帶, 第一背鰭具有一個對於後面的深色斑點。 (參考文獻 27547) 兩性在繁殖期的第一背鰭的邊緣上顯示一條橘色的條紋。 (參考文獻 27547) 內陸的形式在身體的較大的部分之上是通常較濃密地刺，然而海岸的形式顯示一個刺的少數量。 (參考文獻 28211)
There appears to be two genetically distinct forms (Ref. 27547), an inland form found in sandy and rocky shores of lakes, and a coastal form usually found over sand in quiet runs of small to medium rivers; sometimes in salt water near river mouths (Ref. 2850). The coastal form moves into brackish estuaries to spawn (Ref. 27547). Oviparous with demersal, adhesive eggs and pelagic larvae (Ref. 265). Feed mainly on aquatic insect larvae and bottom invertebrates (Ref. 1998). Too small to be used as food and too difficult to capture in large numbers to be used for anything else (Ref. 27547) but large individuals are reported to be excellent eating as well as good bait fishes (Ref. 2850).
在那裡狀似二在遺傳基因上發現於湖的沙岸與岩岸 , 與通常在安靜的小型到中型的河的小支流中被發現在沙子上面的一個海岸的形式的明顯不同的型式 (參考文獻 27547) 一個內陸的形式; 有時在河口附近的鹹水中.(參考文獻 2850) 海岸的形式移入半鹹淡的河口產卵。 (參考文獻 27547) 卵生的，底棲，聚集在一起的卵與大洋性的仔魚。 (參考文獻 265) 主要捕食水生的昆蟲幼生與底棲無脊椎動物。 (參考文獻 1998) 太小以致不能成為使用了當作食物與太困難而無法在大的數量中捕獲被用來別的東西 (參考文獻 27547) 但是大的個體被報告是很好吃以及好誘餌魚.(參考文獻 2850)
Prior to breeding, males move downstream and select a nesting site under boulders or flat rocks. Females aggregate some distance upstream and move down singly to the spawning area. Courtship behavior occurs outside the nest until a female is selected. The pair enter the nesting site, courting continues until eggs are deposited and fertilized. The female then leaves the nest and goes back upstream to feed, while the male spawns with other females or fans and guards the eggs. The male does not feed until the eggs have hatched, moving upstream only in the late summer (Ref. 1998, 27547). During the planktonic stage, larvae of the freshwater nonanadromous form in lakes show distinct diurnal vertical migrations, being most abundant at the surface during the darkest hours of the night. They apparently stay deep in the water during the day and on bright moonlight nights (Ref. 28920). Metamorphosis is complete by the end of the planktonic period and the young take up a demersal mode of life. The young coastal form may move upstream during the fall, although the young may remain in the estuary for a full year (Ref. 27547).北美洲: 來自 Seward ，阿拉斯加到 Ventura 河的太平洋斜坡流域, 美國加州; 也在加拿大卑詩省的和平河上游中的大陸分歧以東。 展現海岸而內陸的表格在遺傳基因上那是明顯的.(參考文獻 27547)
Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr, 1991. A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 432 p. (Ref. 5723)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 08 November 2011
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 水族館: 公眾的水族館; 誘餌: occasionally
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00676 (0.00300 - 0.01523), b=3.17 (2.98 - 3.36), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.2 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (tmax=7; Fec=280).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (20 of 100).
