分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 深度上下限 0 - 100 m (Ref. 106604). 熱帶; 41°N - 40°S, 80°W - 29°W
Western Atlantic: New Jersey, USA (Ref. 7251) to Santos, Brazil (Ref. 26340) and Argentina (Ref. 58839). Eastern Atlantic: St. Paul's Rocks (Ref. 13121).
西大西洋: 美國的紐澤西 (參考文獻 7251) 到巴西的桑托斯.(參考文獻 26340) 東大西洋: 聖保羅岩礁.(參考文獻 13121)
大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 230 cm WD 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 126011); 最大体重: 115.9 kg (Ref. 126011)
简单描述
检索表 | 型态特徵 | 形态测量图
Cephalic fins smaller, tail longer without spine (Ref. 7251). Upper surface black (Ref. 6902).
头部的鳍比较小的, 尾部较长没有棘.(参考文献 7251) 上表皮黑色.(参考文献 6902)
Occurs in shallow coastal waters (Ref. 12951). Feeds mainly on planktonic crustaceans but may take small schooling fishes (Ref. 12951). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Found singly, in small groups, and in schools (Ref. 12951). Swimming at high speed and often leap high above the surface (Ref. 6902). Feeds mainly on planktonic crustaceans, but also on small schooling fishes (Ref. 114953). Meat used for food and a source of oil (Ref. 6902).
出现于沿岸浅水区。 (参考文献 12951) 主要吃浮游性甲壳动物但是可能捕食小鱼群.(参考文献 12951) 卵胎生的.(参考文献 50449) 各别地发现, 形成小群鱼群, 与成群.(参考文献 12951) 游泳速度很快与时常跳跃高于表面.(参考文献 6902) 肉有优良的滋味。 (参考文献 6902) 油的来源。
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔鱼
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Copulation has been observed to be in a venter to venter position while the pair swims at the surface. Mating reported to last 10 minutes. Litter number 1 (Ref. 12951).西大西洋: 美國的紐澤西 (參考文獻 7251) 到巴西的桑托斯.(參考文獻 26340) 東大西洋: 聖保羅岩礁.(參考文獻 13121)
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435)
濒危 (EN) (A2cd+3d); Date assessed: 08 November 2018
人类利用
渔业: 低经济
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特别资料
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 13.7 - 27.7, mean 23.2 °C (based on 232 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5005 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01000 (0.00244 - 0.04107), b=3.04 (2.81 - 3.27), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.8 ±0.59 se; based on food items.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增时间超过14 年 (Fec=1).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (85 of 100).
