(كوسه ها و سپرماهيان) (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) >
Myliobatidae (Eagle and manta rays)
Etymology: Myliobatis: Greek, mylo = mill + Greek, + Greek, batis,-idos = a ray (Raja sp.) (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Garman.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
بوم شناسي
دريايي موجوداتی که در محدوده وسیعی از آبهای آزاد از نزدیک بستر و یا روی کف بستر، در قسمت های میان آبی تا سطح آب و در برخی گونه ها با قابلیت پرواز، زندگی و تغذیه می کنند.; تغييرات عمق 1 - 130 m (Ref. 57911). Tropical; 33°N - 40°S, 180°W - 180°E
Worldwide in tropical waters. Western Atlantic: South Carolina, USA to Argentina. Often confused with Myliobatis freminvillii.
Size / Weight / سن
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 125 cm TL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 57911); common length : 80.0 cm WD جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 6077)
Smaller dorsal fin set farther back on tail, well beyond the pelvic fins. Disk broader, with more rounded corners of wings. Snout less projecting. No spines on disk (Ref. 7251). Broader separation between the inner ends of gill openings. Chocolate or greyish brown above and brownish white below (Ref. 6902).
Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). In coastal waters down to 130 m.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | تولید مثل | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | توزاد ( لارو)
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449).
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
وضعيت در فهرست قرمز IUCN (Ref. 130435)
خطر برای انسان ها
Harmless
استفاده انسانی
ماهي گيري – شيلات: ارزش تحاري اندك
ابزارها
گزارش های ويژه
بارگيری XML
منابع اينترنتي
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 13.3 - 27.8, mean 24.4 °C (based on 732 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5002 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00389 (0.00123 - 0.01235), b=3.08 (2.82 - 3.34), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.3 ±0.34 se; based on food items.
جهندگی (Ref.
120179): خیلی آهسته, كمينه زمان لازم براي دو برابر شدن جمعيت بيش از 14 سال (Fec assumed to be <10).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (75 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 22.5 [6.6, 112.7] mg/100g; Iron = 0.637 [0.161, 1.754] mg/100g; Protein = 20.6 [15.6, 25.8] %; Omega3 = 0.153 [0.043, 0.476] g/100g; Selenium = 61.5 [15.7, 183.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 14.3 [5.5, 36.8] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.875 [0.426, 1.585] mg/100g (wet weight);
