分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 半咸淡水 居于水底的; 深度上下限 1 - 10 m (Ref. 55208), usually 1 - ? m (Ref. 55208). 亞熱帶的; 45°N - 28°S, 95°W - 33°W (Ref. 55208)
Western Atlantic: New Jersey (rarely in Massachusetts), USA and northern Gulf of Mexico to Argentina; widespread in the West Indies. Throughout Antilles (Ref. 26938).
西大西洋: 紐澤西州 (極少在麻薩諸塞州) ，美國與墨西哥灣北部到阿根廷; 在西印度群島廣泛分佈。 在安地列斯群島各處.(參考文獻 26938)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 55.0, range 50 - 60 cm
Max length : 104 cm WD 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 49746)
Moderate size, with a short blunt snout. Disk has rounded corners, few tubercles and spines along midline (Ref. 26938). Well developed fold on the upper surface and lower surface of tail. Yellowish or light brown above. Lower surface whitish or pure white (Ref. 6902).
中等的大小,具有一个短的钝吻。 圆盘有圆角, 少数小瘤，而且棘沿着中线。 (参考文献 26938) 发展良好的在上表皮与尾部的低表面上摺叠。 背面微黄色或淡褐色的。 下表面微白色或全白色的.(参考文献 6902)
Inhabits coastal waters (Ref. 7251). Generally found near shore, to depths of 10 m. Both adults and juveniles frequent estuaries and surf zones (Ref. 27549). Bottom feeder with fish, clams, worms and shrimps. It causes a number of injuries to bathers and waders (Ref. 26938). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Litters of 2-4 pups; gestation 10-11 months, including a period of embryonic diapause (Ref. 114953).
栖息于沿岸水域。 (参考文献 7251) 通常发现近岸, 到深度 10 公尺。 于底部捕食鱼，蛤，蠕虫与虾。 它引起对游泳者与步涉者的一些伤害。 (参考文献 26938) 卵胎生的.(参考文献 50449)
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔鱼
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205).西大西洋: 紐澤西州 (極少在麻薩諸塞州) ，美國與墨西哥灣北部到阿根廷; 在西印度群島廣泛分佈。 在安地列斯群島各處.(參考文獻 26938)
Compagno, L.J.V., 1999. Checklist of living elasmobranchs. p. 471-498. In W.C. Hamlett (ed.) Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland. (Ref. 35766)
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 23.1 - 28.1, mean 27.1 °C (based on 760 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00646 (0.00265 - 0.01571), b=3.06 (2.86 - 3.26), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (Assuming fecundity<100).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 26.4 [3.6, 122.6] mg/100g; Iron = 0.744 [0.197, 2.068] mg/100g; Protein = 23.9 [21.1, 26.5] %; Omega3 = 0.23 [0.06, 0.69] g/100g; Selenium = 12.5 [3.8, 37.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.03 [3.46, 23.49] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.738 [0.357, 1.351] mg/100g (wet weight);
