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Teleostei >
Cichliformes (Cichlids, convict blennies)
鱸形目 (Cichlids, convict blennies) >
Cichlidae (Cichlids)
慈鯛科魚類 (Cichlids) > Pseudocrenilabrinae
Etymology: Oreochromis: Latin, aurum = gold + Greek, chromis = a fish, perhaps a perch (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Trewavas.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 淡水 底中水層性; 深度上下限 30 - 100 m (Ref. 4967). 熱帶; 8°S - 15°S
Africa: Lake Malawi (Ref. 2, 5166, 118630). Reports from Lake Chungruru (Ref. 2, 54852) and Lake Kingiri (Ref. 2, 54852) are misidentifications of Oreochromis chungruruensis and juvenile Oreochromis squamipinnis respectively (Ref. 118638).
非洲: 馬拉威湖， Kingiri 與 Chungruru。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 29.9, range 24 - 37 cm
Max length : 38.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 4967)
背棘 (總數) : 14 - 17; 背的軟條 (總數) : 10 - 11; 臀棘: 3; 臀鰭軟條: 8 - 10; 脊椎骨: 30 - 32. Diagnosis: breeding male black; length of head 34.4-42.4% SL; length of lower jaw 31.3-40.0% head length (Ref. 2). Teeth of jaw in 3-4, rarely 5 rows (Ref. 2,6150). Lower pharyngeal bone with restricted toothed area; median length of bone 33.0-40.7 % length of head and 1.3-1.5 times its own width; blade 1.9-3.9 times median length of toothed area (Ref. 2).
鑑別: 繁殖期的雄魚黑色; 頭長 34.4-42.4% SL; 下頜 31.3-40.0% 頭長的長度.(參考文獻 2) 頜的齒 3-4, 很少地 5 列.(參考文獻 2,6150) 低咽骨有限制有齒的區域; 硬骨 33.0-40.7% 頭長的平均長度與 1.3-1.5 倍於它的自己寬度; 倍有齒區域的平均長度的葉片 1.9-3.9.(參考文獻 2)
描述: 身體的低輪廓平坦的.(參考文獻 2781) 身體的深部份通常在背鰭的前端之前.(參考文獻 2781,52161,55427) 頭部大的.(參考文獻 2781,4967,6150,55079) 頭部的相關大小隨著成長增加。 (參考文獻 2) 顎大的.(參考文獻 2781,55079) 在狹帶狀中的小頜齒 (參考文獻 2).(參考文獻 2,2781,4967) 縮小的生齒，齒的 3-5個整齊的列了。 (參考文獻 55079) 第 4個列的在頰又偶然一些小鱗片上的 2-3個成列的鱗片.(參考文獻 54852) 低的咽骨長的-葉片 (參考文獻 55079), 細長的 (參考文獻 6150), 有凹的被支撐一個小的有齒區域 (參考文獻 2781,6150,54852,55079) 的側邊 (參考文獻 2781,52161,55427) 具有非常細齒.(參考文獻 54852) 尾鰭的有鱗塗料很少地使鰭條的輪廓陰暗.(參考文獻 55427)
體色 成熟的雄魚黑色 (參考文獻 2,87,2781,4967,6150,40193) 有白色的邊緣到背部的 (參考文獻 2,2781) 與時常也尾鰭與臀鰭.(參考文獻 2) 雄性在幾個第二個之內關於被警報, 在側面或頭部上轉一個白灰色, 通常有彩虹色的呈綠色或黃銅色的區域失去他們的黑色顏色。 (參考文獻 40193) 非繁殖魚是銀灰色到黃褐色-灰色的, 比較深色的在背面上, 有黑色的對側面中央的不平坦長度從背面的縱帶, 但是這些可能是暗淡.(參考文獻 2) 小的標本而雌魚有 5個黑色斑塊, 垂直地畫出, 沿著側邊而且一些具有 2 比較模糊的在尾梗上; 在比較背部的列中 vaguer 斑紋; 雌性沒有邊緣的背部條紋; 尾鰭清澈的在小的標本中.(參考文獻 54852) 稚魚是具有一個平坦的腹面的淺的身體, 持有一個 吳郭魚 -標誌時常是 dumbell-形狀的與通常包圍有黃色的有顏色, 而且有一個藍色的光輝與非常在身體上的明確垂直的黑色斑紋.(參考文獻 2781)
Occurs in all kinds of habitats but is mainly found in open water away from the coast (Ref. 5595). The most pelagic of the Lake Malawi Oreochromis species (Ref. 2, 87, 4364, 4916, 4967). Forms schools (Ref. 2, 2781). Feeds on phytoplankton (Ref. 2, 87, 5595, 10402, 42295, 52161). Female mouthbrooder (Ref. 2). It is suspected that Oreochromis lidole is now globally extinct, as it has not been positively recorded since 2007 (Ref. 118638).
出現於各種的棲息地但是是發現於主要的開放水域遠離海岸.(參考文獻 5595) 最大洋性的馬拉威湖 Oreochromis 種.(參考文獻 2,87,4364,4916,4967) 形成魚群。 (參考文獻 2,2781) 吃浮游植物。 (參考文獻 2,87,5595,10402,42295,52161) 雌性的口孵者.(參考文獻 2)
Seems to be sexually mature at a smaller size in Lakes Chungruru and Kingiri than in Lake Malawi (Ref. 2, 54852). Spawns off clean sandy or rocky shores (Ref. 2, 87, 2781) in deeper water (Ref. 2, 87, 2781, 5595, 6150, 40193). Territorial males build a large (Ref. 5595, 40193, 55079) sand-castle nest, with a characteristic spawning cone in its center (Ref. 2, 5595). Females congregate in schools that may number hundreds of individuals (Ref. 2, 2781, 5595). The male genital tassel, which develops together with the breeding dress and imitates a clutch of eggs, is dragged through the nest after the females has deposited some eggs, which are picked up immediately; the female probably mistakes the tassel for eggs that have been forgotten and tries to collect them as well, which results in the eggs being fertilized (Ref. 5595). Females carrying eggs in the mouth move into open, more eutrophic waters, and stay there until the young have almost lost the yolk sac; they feed little during this time (Ref. 2781). Females brood eggs/young, guarding their fry until about 52(-58)mm (Ref. 2, 2781). Females move inshore with their young for at least part of the day; the young are spat out to feed, and food (small phytoplankton) is found in the foregut before the involuted yolk-sac is fully absorbed (Ref. 2781).非洲: 馬拉威湖， Kingiri 與 Chungruru。
Trewavas, E. and G.G. Teugels, 1991. Oreochromis. p. 307-346. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse, G.G. Teugels and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Checklist of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB, Brussels; MRAC, Tervuren; and ORSTOM, Paris. Vol. 4. (Ref. 5166)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
極危 (CR) (A2d); Date assessed: 20 June 2018
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 水族館: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01380 (0.00701 - 0.02716), b=2.97 (2.81 - 3.13), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 2.3 ±0.22 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.18-0.52; tm=3).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (46 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 13.5 [5.8, 74.3] mg/100g; Iron = 1.2 [0.5, 2.9] mg/100g; Protein = 17.9 [16.2, 19.7] %; Omega3 = 0.432 [0.150, 1.200] g/100g; Selenium = 95.6 [35.2, 222.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 21.7 [4.8, 87.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.99 [1.08, 4.62] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
