Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
বাস্তুসংস্থান
সামুদ্রিক রীফ সংশ্লিষ্ট; গভীরতার পরিসীমা 60 - 250 m (Ref. 89707). Subtropical; 33°N - 27°S, 95°W - 33°W (Ref. 5222)
Western Atlantic: Bermuda and Massachusetts, USA to southern Brazil, including the southern Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. Adults are unknown from the northeastern coast of the USA.
Length at first maturity / আকৃতি / ওজন / Age
Maturity: Lm 67.7, range 47 - 95.1 cm
Max length : 150 cm TL পুরুষ/ লিঙ্গ অনিধর্ারিত ; (Ref. 40637); common length : 70.0 cm TL পুরুষ/ লিঙ্গ অনিধর্ারিত ; (Ref. 5217); সবের্াচ্চ প্রকাশিত ওজন : 100.0 kg (Ref. 26340)
পৃষ্ঠীয় কাঁটা (মোট ) : 11; পৃষ্ঠীয় নরম পাখনা দন্ড (মোট ) : 15 - 17; পায়ূ কাঁটা : 3; পায়ূর নরম পাখনা্তুন্ড: 11 - 13. Distinguished by the following characteristics: Side body has rectangular dark gray blotches. Outer third of second dorsal, anal and caudal fins black. Edge of preopercle smooth, without pronounced lobe at angle; 17-24 total gill rakers (Ref. 26938); depth of body 3.3-3.5 times in SL; head length 2.5-2.8 times in SL; evenly rounded preopercle, without distinct notch or lobe at the angle; subequal sizes of anterior and posterior nostrils (Ref. 89707).
Minimum depth from Ref. 126840. A solitary species (Ref. 26340) inhabiting rocky and coral reefs (Ref. 9710). Adults feed primarily on fishes; juveniles mainly on crustaceans. Oviparous (Ref. 205). A protogynous hermaphrodite (Ref. 55367). Forms spawning aggregations (Ref. 55367). Common but difficult to approach (Ref. 9710). Marketed fresh and its flesh is of excellent quality.
A monandric species (Ref. 55367). According to a study in Campeche Bank, females changed sex between 85.5 and 125.0 cm FL, with median length of 103.3 cm FL. At 114.5 cm FL, 50% of the females in the sample had transformed into males. Age at sex change = 15.5 years (Ref. 55367).
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 31172)
Human uses
মৎস্য: অত্যন্ত বাণিজ্যিক ; শিকারযোগ্য মাছ: হঁ্যা ; মৎস্যাধার / এ্যাকুয়ারিয়াম : পাবলিক এ্যাকুয়ারিয়াম
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ইন্টারনেট সুত্র
Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01047 (0.00850 - 0.01290), b=3.05 (3.02 - 3.08), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
ট্রফিক পর্যায়ে (Ref.
69278): 4.3 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
স্থিতিস্থাপক (Ref.
120179): মাধ্যম , সর্বনিম্ন প্রজন দ্বিগুনের সময় ১.৪-৪.৪ বৎসর (K=0.16; tmax=14; Fec=500,000).
Prior r = 0.49, 95% CL = 0.33 - 0.74, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (63 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (88 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 10.6 [6.2, 22.4] mg/100g; Iron = 0.455 [0.225, 0.794] mg/100g; Protein = 19.5 [17.6, 21.1] %; Omega3 = 0.222 [0.129, 0.386] g/100g; Selenium = 27.9 [14.5, 53.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 43.2 [14.9, 149.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.414 [0.279, 0.638] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
