Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
البيئة
بحري مرتبطة بالشعاب; نطاق العمق 10 - 150 m (Ref. 9710). Tropical; 19°N - 36°S, 23°E - 98°E (Ref. 5222)
Indian Ocean: Gulf of Aden south to Port Alfred, South Africa and east to the northwest tip of Sumatra, Indonesia. Also found in the islands of western Indian Ocean, including Cargados Carajos and Rodriguez. Not known from the Red Sea and Persian Gulf.
Length at first maturity / الحجم / وزن / العمر
Maturity: Lm ?, range 49 - ? cm
Max length : 90.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 4319); common length : 45.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 5450); أعلا وزن تم نشرة: 15.0 kg (Ref. 4319)
الأشواك الظهرية (المجموع) : 11; الأشعة الظهرية الناعمة (المجموع) : 16 - 17; شوكة شرجية: 3; أشعه شرجية لينه: 8. Adults have yellow fins. Small juveniles about half blue, half yellow (Ref. 48635); distinguished by having sky blue color of head and body in juveniles to dark bluish violet or dark greyish blue in adults; yellow upper lip; ctenoid scales on body except cycloid scales anterodorsally above lateral line and on thorax and abdomen; body of adult with numerous auxiliary scales; moderately deep bodied, greatest depth 2.4-2.8 in SL; truncate to slightly emarginate caudal fin; pelvic fins 1.7-2.0 in head length (Ref. 90102); further characterized by having head length 2.4-2.7 times in SL; preorbital depth 6.8-8.8 times in head length for fish 36-66 cm SL; interorbital area convex; adults posterior nostrils 4-5 times larger than anterior nostrils; subangular preopercle, serrae at angle enlarged; straight to slightly convex upper edge of operculum; maxilla reaches to or slightly past vertical at rear edge of eye; 2-4 rows of teeth on midlateral part of lower jaw (Ref. 89707).
Juveniles inhabit shallow reefs while adults are found on deeper reefs. Feeds on a variety of fishes, crabs, shrimps, spiny lobsters, squids, and small octopi. Solitary (Ref 90102).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | التكاثر | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larvae
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: تجاري; حوض مائي: تجاري
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
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مصادر علي الأنترنت
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 23.3 - 28.1, mean 26.1 °C (based on 78 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01175 (0.00571 - 0.02419), b=3.04 (2.88 - 3.20), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (Ref.
69278): 4.2 ±0.55 se; based on food items.
المرونه (Ref.
120179): منخفض, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع 4.5-14 سنة (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (56 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 17.7 [8.3, 38.2] mg/100g; Iron = 0.409 [0.217, 0.822] mg/100g; Protein = 18.6 [17.1, 20.0] %; Omega3 = 0.124 [0.078, 0.201] g/100g; Selenium = 47 [27, 84] μg/100g; VitaminA = 149 [42, 537] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.05 [0.74, 1.47] mg/100g (wet weight);
