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Elasmobranchii (tubarões e raias) (sharks and rays) > Rhinopristiformes (Shovelnose rays) > Rhinobatidae (Guitarfishes)
Etymology:

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecologia

marinhas; estuarina demersal; intervalo de profundidade 75 - ? m (Ref. 114953). Subtropical; 17°S - 36°S, 10°E - 34°E (Ref. 114953)

Distribuição Países | Áreas FAO | Ecossistemas | Ocorrências | Point map | Introduções | Faunafri

Southeast Atlantic: Namibia to central Natal, South Africa. Record from Madagascar is uncertain (Ref. 3919).

Tamanho / Peso / Idade

Maturity: L_m ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 140 cm TL macho/indeterminado; (Ref. 3919)

Found from the surf line to about 70 m depth (Ref. 5578), also reported as common in shallow waters to at least 75 m depth (Ref. 114953); also enters estuaries (Ref. 27121). Feeds on crustaceans, bivalves, polychaete worms and small bony fishes (Ref. 5578). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Males mature at ca. 59 cm TL, females at 62-65 cm TL; born at ca. 23 cm TL. Produces litters of 2-10 pups (Ref. 114953). Taken by surf anglers (Ref. 3919). Flesh highly esteemed (Ref. 3919). It is parasitised by the monogeneans Pseudoleptobothrium christisoni on the dorsal skin surface (Ref. 124055) and Neoheterocotyle robii on the gill lamellae (Ref. 124054).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | Reprodução | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larvas

Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). 2-10 young born in the summer (Ref. 5578).

Referência principal Upload your references | Referências | Coordenador : McEachran, John | Colaboradores

Compagno, L.J.V., 1986. Rhinobatidae. p. 128-131. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 3919)

Categoria na Lista Vermelha da IUCN (Ref. 130435)

Vulnerável, ver o Livro Vermelho da IUCN (VU) (A2bcd); Date assessed: 01 August 2019

CITES

Appendix II: International trade monitored

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Ameaça para o homem

Harmless

Utilização humana

Pescarias: espécies comerciais; peixe desportivo: sim; Aquário: Espécies comerciais

FAO - Publication: search | FishSource |

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 16.1 - 25.7, mean 22 °C (based on 36 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00214 (0.00124 - 0.00369), b=3.06 (2.90 - 3.22), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref. 93245).

Nível Trófico (Ref. 69278): 3.5 ±0.51 se; based on food items.

Resiliência (Ref. 120179): Muito baixo, tempo mínimo de duplicação da população maior que 14 anos (Fec=2).

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Very high vulnerability (84 of 100).

Categoria de preço (Ref. 80766): Low.

Acroteriobatus annulatus (Smith, 1841)