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Ελασμοβράγχιοι (καρχαρίες και σαλάχια) (sharks and rays) > Rhinopristiformes (Shovelnose rays) > Rhinobatidae (Guitarfishes)
Etymology:

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Οικολογία

Θαλασσινό(ά); Υφάλμυρο βενθικό(ς); εύρος βάθους 75 - ? m (Ref. 114953). Subtropical; 17°S - 36°S, 10°E - 34°E (Ref. 114953)

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Southeast Atlantic: Namibia to central Natal, South Africa. Record from Madagascar is uncertain (Ref. 3919).

Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age

Maturity: L_m ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 140 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 3919)

Found from the surf line to about 70 m depth (Ref. 5578), also reported as common in shallow waters to at least 75 m depth (Ref. 114953); also enters estuaries (Ref. 27121). Feeds on crustaceans, bivalves, polychaete worms and small bony fishes (Ref. 5578). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Males mature at ca. 59 cm TL, females at 62-65 cm TL; born at ca. 23 cm TL. Produces litters of 2-10 pups (Ref. 114953). Taken by surf anglers (Ref. 3919). Flesh highly esteemed (Ref. 3919). It is parasitised by the monogeneans Pseudoleptobothrium christisoni on the dorsal skin surface (Ref. 124055) and Neoheterocotyle robii on the gill lamellae (Ref. 124054).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | Αναπαραγωγή | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Προνύμφες

Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). 2-10 young born in the summer (Ref. 5578).

Main reference Upload your references | Αναφορές | Συντονιστής : McEachran, John | Συνεργάτες

Compagno, L.J.V., 1986. Rhinobatidae. p. 128-131. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 3919)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)

Ευάλωτο, βλέπε Κόκκινη Λίστα (VU) (A2bcd); Date assessed: 01 August 2019

CITES

Appendix II: International trade monitored

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Harmless

Human uses

αλιεία: Εμπορικό(ά); αλιεία αναψυχής: ναί; Ενυδρείο: Εμπορικό(ά)

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Διαδικτυακές πηγές

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 16.1 - 25.7, mean 22 °C (based on 36 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00214 (0.00124 - 0.00369), b=3.06 (2.90 - 3.22), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref. 93245).

Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref. 69278): 3.5 ±0.51 se; based on food items.

Ελαστικότητα (Ref. 120179): Πολύ χαμηλό, ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού > 14 έτη (Fec=2).

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Very high vulnerability (84 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): Low.

Acroteriobatus annulatus (Smith, 1841)