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Elasmobranchii (haaien en roggen) (sharks and rays) > Rhinopristiformes (Shovelnose rays) > Rhinobatidae (Guitarfishes)
Etymology:

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecologie

marien; brak water demersaal; diepte 75 - ? m (Ref. 114953). Subtropical; 17°S - 36°S, 10°E - 34°E (Ref. 114953)

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Southeast Atlantic: Namibia to central Natal, South Africa. Record from Madagascar is uncertain (Ref. 3919).

Grootte / Gewicht / Leeftijd

Maturity: L_m ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 140 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 3919)

Found from the surf line to about 70 m depth (Ref. 5578), also reported as common in shallow waters to at least 75 m depth (Ref. 114953); also enters estuaries (Ref. 27121). Feeds on crustaceans, bivalves, polychaete worms and small bony fishes (Ref. 5578). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Males mature at ca. 59 cm TL, females at 62-65 cm TL; born at ca. 23 cm TL. Produces litters of 2-10 pups (Ref. 114953). Taken by surf anglers (Ref. 3919). Flesh highly esteemed (Ref. 3919). It is parasitised by the monogeneans Pseudoleptobothrium christisoni on the dorsal skin surface (Ref. 124055) and Neoheterocotyle robii on the gill lamellae (Ref. 124054).

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Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). 2-10 young born in the summer (Ref. 5578).

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Compagno, L.J.V., 1986. Rhinobatidae. p. 128-131. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 3919)

Status op de Rode Lijst van het IUCN (Ref. 130435)

Kwetsbaar, zie IUCN Rode Lijst (VU) (A2bcd); Date assessed: 01 August 2019

CITES

Appendix II: International trade monitored

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Gevaar voor de mens

Harmless

Gebruik door de mens

Visserij: commercieel; sportvis: ja; Aquarium: Commercieel

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 16.1 - 25.7, mean 22 °C (based on 36 cells).

Fylogenetische diversiteitsindex (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00214 (0.00124 - 0.00369), b=3.06 (2.90 - 3.22), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref. 93245).

Trofisch niveau (Ref. 69278): 3.5 ±0.51 se; based on food items.

Weerstandsvermogen (Ref. 120179): Zeer laag, minimale populatieverdubbelingstijd meer dan 14 jaar (Fec=2).

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Very high vulnerability (84 of 100).

Prijsklasse (Ref. 80766): Low.

Acroteriobatus annulatus (Smith, 1841)