Klassifizierung / Names Namen | Synonyme | Catalog of Fishes(Gattung, Arten) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Elasmobranchii (Haie und Rochen) (sharks and rays) > Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) > Gymnuridae (Butterfly rays)
Etymology: Gymnura: Greek, gymnos = naked + Greek, oura = tail (Ref. 45335).
More on authors: Gilchrist & Thompson.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ökologie

seewasser demersal; tiefenbereich 20 - 100 m (Ref. 28016). Subtropical

Verbreitung Länder | FAO Gebiete | Ecosystems | Vorkommen | Point map | Einführungen | Faunafri

Southeast Atlantic and Western Indian Ocean: Namibia round the Cape to southern Mozambique.

Length at first maturity / Size / Gewicht / Alter

Maturity: L_m ?, range 150 - ? cm
Max length : 250 cm WD Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 3263); max. veröff. Gewicht: 82.6 kg (Ref. 40637)

Kurzbeschreibung Bestimmungsschlüssel | Morphologie | Morphometrie

Rückenflossenstacheln (insgesamt) : 0. Broad diamond-shaped pectoral disc almost twice as wide as it is long; tail shorter than body with black and white bands and a small sting; tentacle at rear edge of each spiracle (Ref. 5578). Grey, green or brown above, often with darker mottling; white below; can change color of upper disc rapidly to match substrate (Ref. 5578).

Occurs off sandy beaches, muddy estuaries and offshore banks. Found singly or in large groups (Ref. 5578). Feeds on a variety of fishes, crabs and polychaete worms (Ref. 5578). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Ability to change markings and color to blend into environment (Ref. 3263). Caught by offshore trawlers (Ref. 5578). Caught by shore anglers, it is prized for its strong fight when hooked, often released (Ref. 5578).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | Fortpflanzung | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larven

Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). One year gestation; up to 10 young (Ref. 5578).

Hauptreferenz Upload your references | Referenzen | Koordinator : McEachran, John | Partner

Compagno, L.J.V., 1986. Dasyatidae. p. 135-142. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 3263)

IUCN Rote Liste Status (Ref. 130435)

nicht bedroht (LC) ; Date assessed: 24 April 2018

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Bedrohung für Menschen

Harmless

Nutzung durch Menschen

Sportfisch: ja

FAO - Publication: search | FishSource |

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 14.5 - 27.1, mean 25.3 °C (based on 72 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00776 (0.00352 - 0.01710), b=3.09 (2.89 - 3.29), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 93245).

Trophic level (Ref. 69278): 3.9 ±0.65 se; based on food items.

Widerstandsfähigkeit (Ref. 120179): sehr niedrig, Verdopplung der Population dauert mehr als 14 Jahre. (Fec=10).

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100).

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