分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays)
鰩目 (Stingrays) >
Gymnuridae (Butterfly rays)
燕魟科 (Butterfly rays)
Etymology: Gymnura: Greek, gymnos = naked + Greek, oura = tail (Ref. 45335).
More on authors: Gilchrist & Thompson.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 居於水底的; 深度上下限 20 - 100 m (Ref. 28016). 亞熱帶的
Southeast Atlantic and Western Indian Ocean: Namibia round the Cape to southern Mozambique.
東南大西洋與西印度洋: 那米比亞沿著海岬到莫三比克南部。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ?, range 150 - ? cm
Max length : 250 cm WD 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3263); 最大體重: 82.6 kg (Ref. 40637)
背棘 (總數) : 0. Broad diamond-shaped pectoral disc almost twice as wide as it is long; tail shorter than body with black and white bands and a small sting; tentacle at rear edge of each spiracle (Ref. 5578). Grey, green or brown above, often with darker mottling; white below; can change color of upper disc rapidly to match substrate (Ref. 5578).
寬的菱形胸盤幾乎寬度為長度的兩倍; 尾部短於身體有黑白的條紋與一個小的刺; 在每個呼吸孔的後緣的觸鬚.(參考文獻 5578) 灰色的﹐綠色的或上方褐色的, 時常有較深色的雜斑; 腹面白色的; 能快速地改變上體盤的顏色與底部相配。 (參考文獻 5578)
Occurs off sandy beaches, muddy estuaries and offshore banks. Found singly or in large groups (Ref. 5578). Feeds on a variety of fishes, crabs and polychaete worms (Ref. 5578). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Ability to change markings and color to blend into environment (Ref. 3263). Caught by offshore trawlers (Ref. 5578). Caught by shore anglers, it is prized for its strong fight when hooked, often released (Ref. 5578).
生存沙灘外，泥濘的河口與近海淺堆。 各別地發現或者較大時聚集。 (參考文獻 5578) 吃多種魚，螃蟹與多毛類的蠕蟲。 (參考文獻 5578) 卵胎生的.(參考文獻 50449) 具有改變斑紋的能力，而且顏色以和環境配合。 (參考文獻 3263) 被外海底拖網捕獲了。 (參考文獻 5578) 岸釣者釣獲, 它因為它的被釣到時強烈的抵抗而被重視, 時常排出.(參考文獻 5578)
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). One year gestation; up to 10 young (Ref. 5578).東南大西洋與西印度洋: 那米比亞沿著海岬到莫三比克南部。
Compagno, L.J.V., 1986. Dasyatidae. p. 135-142. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 3263)
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 14.5 - 27.1, mean 25.3 °C (based on 72 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00776 (0.00352 - 0.01710), b=3.09 (2.89 - 3.29), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.9 ±0.65 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增時間超過14 年 (Fec=10).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100).
