Miljö: miljö / Klimatzon / djupintervall / distributionsområde
Ekologi
marina; brackvatten bottenlevande; djupintervall 1 - 200 m (Ref. 4316), usually 75 - 150 m (Ref. 33616). Subtropical; 34°N - 43°S, 15°E - 154°W
Indo-West Pacific: Delagoa Bay, Mozambique to the Cape, South Africa; common in Australia and New Zealand and reported from Japan and Korea. Also reported from Hong Kong (Ref. 12086).
Längd vid första mognad / Storlek / Vikt / Ålder
Könsmognad: Lm 21.2  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 60.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 4316); common length : 40.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 9258); publicerad maxvikt: 1.5 kg (Ref. 9988); rapporterad maxålder: 15 år (Ref. 9072)
Kort beskrivning
Bestämningsnycklar | Morfologi | Morfometri
Taggstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 9 - 10; Mjukstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 15 - 16; Taggstrålar i analfenan: 0; Mjukstrålar i analfenan: 14 - 16; Ryggkotor: 33 - 35. Olive or brownish in color, becomes red when stressed; lower half of the inner part of pectoral fin with large black blotch surrounded by numerous pale spots (Ref. 9771).
Body shape (shape guide): elongated.
Found from estuaries to edge of continental shelves over sand and sandy shell seabed (Ref. 9258). Reported to be often found in rivers (Ref. 4316). Juveniles may occur in bays (Ref. 33616). Benthic (Ref. 58302). Dorsal spine reported to be venomous (Ref. 9771). Neither anterolateral glandular grooves nor venom gland is present (Ref. 57406). Current information in the table (dangerous fish) do not match; needs verification. Excellent food fish (Ref. 9771). Utilized fresh and frozen; eaten pan-fried, broiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).
Heemstra, P.C., 1986. Triglidae. p. 486-488. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 4316)
Status på IUCN:s rödlista (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Mänskliga användningsområden
Fiskeri: kommersiell
Verktyg
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Uppskattningar baserade på modeller
Önskad temperatur (Ref.
123201): 13.3 - 25, mean 19.3 °C (based on 186 cells).
Index för fylogenetisk mångfald (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5010 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00759 (0.00398 - 0.01446), b=3.08 (2.91 - 3.25), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trofisk nivå (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.57 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 2.7 (1.9 - 3.0) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 10
growth studies.
Resiliens (Ref.
120179): Låg, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid 4,5-14 år (K=0.4-0.6; tm=2-3; tmax=15;).
Prior r = 0.36, 95% CL = 0.24 - 0.55, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Sårbarhet i fisket (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (29 of 100).
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Sårbarhet för klimatet (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (45 of 100).
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Näringsämnen (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 88.2 [46.4, 215.9] mg/100g; Iron = 1.09 [0.59, 2.04] mg/100g; Protein = 19.3 [18.0, 20.7] %; Omega3 = 0.381 [0.173, 1.076] g/100g; Selenium = 41.3 [20.5, 90.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 7.38 [2.92, 18.85] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.753 [0.531, 1.080] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.