Umwelt: Milieu / Klimazone / Tiefenbereich / Verbreitungsgebiet
Ökologie
seewasser; brackwasser demersal; tiefenbereich 1 - 200 m (Ref. 4316), usually 75 - 150 m (Ref. 33616). Subtropical; 34°N - 43°S, 15°E - 154°W
Indo-West Pacific: Delagoa Bay, Mozambique to the Cape, South Africa; common in Australia and New Zealand and reported from Japan and Korea. Also reported from Hong Kong (Ref. 12086).
Länge bei der ersten Reifung / Größe / Gewicht / Alter
Geschlechtsreife: Lm 21.2  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 60.0 cm TL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 4316); common length : 40.0 cm TL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 9258); max. veröff. Gewicht: 1.5 kg (Ref. 9988); max. veröff. Alter: 15 Jahre (Ref. 9072)
Rückenflossenstacheln (insgesamt) : 9 - 10; Rückenflossenweichstrahlen (insgesamt) : 15 - 16; Afterflossenstacheln: 0; Afterflossenweichstrahlen: 14 - 16; Wirbelzahl: 33 - 35. Olive or brownish in color, becomes red when stressed; lower half of the inner part of pectoral fin with large black blotch surrounded by numerous pale spots (Ref. 9771).
Body shape (shape guide): elongated.
Found from estuaries to edge of continental shelves over sand and sandy shell seabed (Ref. 9258). Reported to be often found in rivers (Ref. 4316). Juveniles may occur in bays (Ref. 33616). Benthic (Ref. 58302). Dorsal spine reported to be venomous (Ref. 9771). Neither anterolateral glandular grooves nor venom gland is present (Ref. 57406). Current information in the table (dangerous fish) do not match; needs verification. Excellent food fish (Ref. 9771). Utilized fresh and frozen; eaten pan-fried, broiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).
Heemstra, P.C., 1986. Triglidae. p. 486-488. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 4316)
IUCN Rote Liste Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Nutzung durch Menschen
Fischereien: kommerziell
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Schätzungen auf der Grundlage von Modellen
Bevorzugte Temperatur (Ref.
123201): 13.3 - 25, mean 19.3 °C (based on 186 cells).
Phylogenetischer Diversitätsindex (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5010 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00759 (0.00398 - 0.01446), b=3.08 (2.91 - 3.25), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trophische Ebene (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.57 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 2.7 (1.9 - 3.0) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 10
growth studies.
Widerstandsfähigkeit (Ref.
120179): niedrig, Verdopplung der Population dauert 4,5 - 14 Jahre. (K=0.4-0.6; tm=2-3; tmax=15;).
Prior r = 0.36, 95% CL = 0.24 - 0.55, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Anfälligkeit der Fischerei (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (29 of 100).
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Klimaanfälligkeit (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (45 of 100).
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Nährstoffe (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 88.2 [46.4, 215.9] mg/100g; Iron = 1.09 [0.59, 2.04] mg/100g; Protein = 19.3 [18.0, 20.7] %; Omega3 = 0.381 [0.173, 1.076] g/100g; Selenium = 41.3 [20.5, 90.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 7.38 [2.92, 18.85] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.753 [0.531, 1.080] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.