Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
البيئة
بحري; مياه مخلوطة القاع; نطاق العمق 10 - 100 m (Ref. 10001). Subtropical; 44°N - 13°S, 18°W - 14°E (Ref. 128784)
Eastern Atlantic: Gibraltar and extreme western Mediterranean southward along the entire west coast of Africa to Angola, near Benguela.
الحجم / وزن / العمر
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 80.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 7059); common length : 55.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 2683); أعلا وزن تم نشرة: 4.3 kg (Ref. 4699)
Common in shallow coastal waters, also in estuaries (Ref. 2683), bays and lagoons, as well as in offshore trawling stations. Feeds on crabs, echinoids and mollusks (Ref. 10001). Occurs over hard substrate (Ref. 5377).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | التكاثر | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larvae
Shipp, R.L., 1990. Tetraodontidae. p. 1069-1072. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 7464)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: تجاري; لعبة سمكه: نعم
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
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مصادر علي الأنترنت
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 19.2 - 27.9, mean 25.7 °C (based on 86 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01622 (0.00723 - 0.03638), b=2.92 (2.74 - 3.10), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.53 se; based on food items.
المرونه (Ref.
120179): وسيط, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع 1.4-4.4 سنة (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (52 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 51.9 [17.6, 122.7] mg/100g; Iron = 0.96 [0.54, 1.98] mg/100g; Protein = 19.1 [17.0, 21.3] %; Omega3 = 0.374 [0.175, 0.735] g/100g; Selenium = 30.7 [16.8, 64.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 8.44 [3.70, 19.02] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.725 [0.529, 1.009] mg/100g (wet weight);
