分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria)
鱸形目 (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sparidae (Porgies)
鯛科 (Porgies)
Etymology: Lithognathus: Greek, lithos = stone + Greek, gnathos = jaw (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Cuvier.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 底中水層性; 非產卵性溯降河的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 ? - 150 m (Ref. 27121). 亞熱帶的; 22°S - 31°S
Southeast Atlantic: known only from the Orange River mouth to Natal, South Africa.
東南大西洋: 已知只來自橘河嘴到南非的納塔爾了。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 54.0 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 200 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3198); common length : 65.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3507)
背棘 (總數) : 11; 背的軟條 (總數) : 10; 臀棘: 3; 臀鰭軟條: 8. Silvery in color, crossbars fade with age.
銀色的顏色，交叉的條紋褪色隨著年齡。
Found over sandy substrate, in estuaries and oceanic waters. Enters lagoons (Ref. 3198). Feeds bottom invertebrates, including worms, crabs and shrimp (Ref. 27121). Spawns in the sea but uses estuaries as nursery grounds. Prime angling fish. Important food fish. Sold fresh and whole in markets.
在河口與大洋性水域中, 發現在砂質底部上了。 進入潟湖。 (參考文獻 3198) 吃底棲無脊椎動物，包括蠕蟲，螃蟹與蝦.(參考文獻 27121) 產卵在海中但是如繁殖場的使用河口。 主要的垂釣魚種。 重要的食用魚。 整隻生鮮販賣在市場中。
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚
東南大西洋: 已知只來自橘河嘴到南非的納塔爾了。
Bauchot, M.-L. and M.M. Smith, 1984. Sparidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). volume 4. [var. pag.] FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3507)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
瀕危 (EN) (A2bcd; B2ab(ii,v)); Date assessed: 04 December 2009
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 12.5 - 24.1, mean 15.7 °C (based on 28 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5625 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01549 (0.00939 - 0.02556), b=3.04 (2.90 - 3.18), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.1 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 10.9 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.1).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (72 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (78 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 24.8 [12.9, 45.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.664 [0.364, 1.136] mg/100g; Protein = 18.5 [16.9, 20.3] %; Omega3 = 0.302 [0.191, 0.497] g/100g; Selenium = 45.7 [21.7, 85.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 6.95 [2.03, 19.38] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.722 [0.505, 1.031] mg/100g (wet weight);
