分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 底中水層性; pH range: 7.0 - 7.5; dH range: 10 - 20; 河川洄游. 溫帶; 2°C - 18°C (Ref. 1672); 67°N - 36°N, 10°W - 142°E
Europe: Atlantic Ocean, North and Baltic Sea basins, from Loire drainage eastward, eastern Great Britain, Rhône and Volga drainages, upper Danube and middle and upper Dniestr and Dniepr drainages; in Finland, north to about 61°N. Introduced to eastern and northern Italy, Ireland, Wales and Scotland. Eastern and southern limits unclear (Ref. 59043). Occurs as far east as Korea (Ref. 4537). Populations from the Iberian Peninsula and Adour basin in southern France refer to G. lozanoi (Ref. 57030). Populations from the Caspian basin may represent a distinct species (Ref. 59043).
歐洲: 在大陸 (除了西班牙，義大利中部與南部，希臘，蘇格蘭，挪威，瑞典北部以外, 芬蘭北部) 各處向北遠至 61 ° 40'N; 窩瓦河遠達三角州; 亞洲沒有出現較小的; 西伯利亞河的太平洋斜坡沒有出現。 生存更向東達韓國.(參考文獻 4537) 在法國南部的族群從伊伯利亞半島與 Adour 流域指的是 G. lozanoi 。 (參考文獻 57030)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 9.3 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 21.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 88166); common length : 12.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 6258); 最大體重: 220.00 g (Ref. 6258); 最大年齡: 8 年 (Ref. 6258)
背棘 (總數) : 2 - 3; 背的軟條 (總數) : 5 - 7; 臀棘: 2 - 3; 臀鰭軟條: 6 - 8; 脊椎骨: 39 - 41. Diagnosed from other congeners in Europe by the possession of the following characters: barbel reaching beyond anterior eye margin, usually to middle of eye; snout length greater than postorbital distance; head length 26-30% SL; eye diameter 5-7% SL; 1.0-1.4 times in interorbital distance in over about 6 cm SL specimens (less in smaller ones), 2.4-2.8 times in head depth; head depth 15-17% SL at nape, 43-51% HL at eye; body depth 19-23% SL; head width 14-16% SL, 49-57% HL; caudal peduncle depth 30-34% HL; breast naked between pectorals; scales between anus and anal origin 4-5; scales on lateral line usually 39-42 + 2; and scales around caudal peduncle usually 12-14 (Ref. 59043). Caudal fin with 19 rays (Ref. 2196). Scalar formula: 38-45 (Ref. 40476).
尾鰭有 19個鰭條。 (參考文獻 2196) 數量公式: 38-45.(參考文獻 40476)
Occurs in nearly all types of riverine and lacustrine habitats with sand bottom. Found in small mountain streams, large lowland rivers and large lakes (Ref. 59043). Inhabits fast flowing rivers with sand or gravel bottom but may also occur in still waters. Forms schools. Feeds on insect larvae, mollusks, and crustaceans. Normally active during the day but if they are disturbed, in particular, by predators, they can defer their activity to periods when light intensity is weak. Capable of emitting squeaking sounds. These vocalizations, which is a means by which fish communicate with each other, vary with the degree of activity and the temperature and are independent of the season of reproduction (Ref. 30578). Breeds in shallow water over stones, sand or plant material. Eggs are released above substrate and drift with current, sinking to bottom and sticking to substrate. Larvae and juveniles occur on the bottom and prefer detritus-rich sandy habitats and low current (Ref. 59043).
棲息於快速地流動河，底部為砂或碎石的地方也但是可能出現在靜止的水域。 形成魚群。 吃昆蟲幼生，軟體動物與甲殼動物。 通常活躍在白天期間，但是如果他們是擾亂的,尤其,藉著掠食者, 他們能延期他們的活動時光線弱。 能夠發出吱吱叫聲音。 這些發聲的樣子, 是魚類用來與彼此溝通, 因活動的程度與溫度而改變而且與繁殖的季節無關.(參考文獻 30578) 卵被釋放上方底部而且漂流水流動的地方, 沉沒底部而且黏住底部。 仔魚與稚魚是底棲的而且偏愛碎屑-豐饒的沙棲息地與低的水流.(參考文獻 59043)
Spawns once a year for several years in low productivity streams, but exhibits multiple spawning within a season in high productivity environments (Ref. 40290, 40756). Releases eggs above substrate which drift with current, sink to the bottom and stick to substrate. Larvae and juveniles occur on the bottom and prefer detritus-rich sandy habitats and low current (Ref. 59043).歐洲: 在大陸 (除了西班牙，義大利中部與南部，希臘，蘇格蘭，挪威，瑞典北部以外, 芬蘭北部) 各處向北遠至 61 ° 40'N; 窩瓦河遠達三角州; 亞洲沒有出現較小的; 西伯利亞河的太平洋斜坡沒有出現。 生存更向東達韓國.(參考文獻 4537) 在法國南部的族群從伊伯利亞半島與 Adour 流域指的是 G. lozanoi 。 (參考文獻 57030)
Kottelat, M. and J. Freyhof, 2007. Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Publications Kottelat, Cornol and Freyhof, Berlin. 646 pp. (Ref. 59043)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 水族館: 商業性; 誘餌: usually
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00708 (0.00611 - 0.00820), b=3.12 (3.08 - 3.16), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.1 ±0.38 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (tm=1-3; tmax=8; Fec=1,000-3,000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (31 of 100).
