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Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) >
Paralichthyidae (Large-tooth flounders)
Etymology: Paralichthys: Greek, para = the side of + Greek, ichthys = fish + Greek, suffix, oides = similar to (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Ayres.
البيئة: الوسط / المنطقة المناخية / نطاق العمق / نطاق التوزيع
البيئة
بحري; مياه مخلوطة القاع; محيطية (Ref. 51243); نطاق العمق 0 - 183 m (Ref. 2850), usually 0 - 60 m (Ref. 122321). Subtropical; 48°N - 24°N
Eastern Pacific: Quillayute River in northern Washington, USA to southern Baja California, Mexico. Also in northern Gulf of California (Ref. 9330).
الطول عند النضج الأول / الحجم / وزن / العمر
النضج: Lm 47.3, range 47 - 51.3 cm
Max length : 152 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 2850); أعلا وزن تم نشرة: 33.0 kg (Ref. 9330); العمر: 30 سنين (Ref. 33520)
Adults are found mostly on sandy bottoms near shore to 183 m depth. Juveniles are common beyond surf line, larvae settling in bays and estuaries (Ref. 122321). Adults feed during the day (Ref. 9643) on fishes and squids, often well off the bottom. An important sport and commercial fish. They are caught with trammel nets (Ref. 9330). Marketed as fresh fillet (Ref. 9330). Adults migrate to shallower waters to spawn (Ref. 9643). Has very sharp teeth and is known to bite if handled (Ref. 13513).
Distinct pairing (Ref. 205). They are batch spawners that exhibit indeterminate fecundiity and undergo asynchronous ovarian development (Ref. 122336). Spawning interval is between 7 and 14 days while spawning frequency is around 12 to 13 times per year.
Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald and H. Hammann, 1983. A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America. Boston (MA, USA): Houghton Mifflin Company. xii+336 p. (Ref. 2850)
حالة القائمة الحمراء للاتحاد الدولي لحفظ الطبيعة والموارد الطبيعية (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
خطر للأنسان
Traumatogenic (Ref. 13513)
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: تجاري; لعبة سمكه: نعم
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
تنزيل XML
مصادر علي الأنترنت
تقديرات تستند إلى النماذج
درجة الحرارة المفضلة (مرجع
123201): 12.4 - 23.9, mean 19.8 °C (based on 48 cells).
مؤشر التنوع الشُعبي الوراثي (مرجع
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00661 (0.00404 - 0.01081), b=3.13 (2.99 - 3.27), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (مرجع
69278): 4.5 ±0.63 se; based on food items.
المرونه (مرجع
120179): منخفض, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع 4.5-14 سنة (K=0.08; tmax=30; tm=2.6).
ضعف الصيد (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (55 of 100).
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قابلية التأثر بالمناخ (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (61 of 100).
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المغذيات (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 38.8 [16.9, 81.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.81 [0.38, 1.56] mg/100g; Protein = 17.1 [14.7, 20.3] %; Omega3 = 0.207 [0.112, 0.387] g/100g; Selenium = 40.7 [19.2, 95.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 5.82 [1.41, 25.97] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.371 [0.244, 0.589] mg/100g (wet weight);