Family Paralichthyidae - Large-tooth flounders | ||||
Order | : | Pleuronectiformes | ||
Class | : | Teleostei | ||
No. in FishBase | : | Genera : 10 | Species : 65 Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes | ||
Environment | : | Fresh : No | Brackish : Yes | Marine : Yes | ||
Division | : | Marine | ||
Aquarium | : | none | ||
First Fossil Record | : | upper Tertiary Miocene | Ref. Berg, L.S. 1958 | |
Remark | : | Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans; marine, rarely in freshwater. Eyes on the left side. No spines in pectoral and pelvic fins; pelvic fin bases short and nearly symmetrical. Eggs with a single oil globule in the yolk. Placement of Tephrinectes and Thysanopsetta into this family is only provisional. | ||
Etymology | : | Greek, paralia, -as = seaside, coast + Greek, ichthys = fish ( Ref. 45335). | ||
Reproductive guild | : | nonguarders | ||
Typical activity level | : | normal | ||
Main Ref. | : | Nelson, J.S. 1994 | ||
Coordinator | : | Nelson, J.S. 1994 | ||
Deep Fin Classification | : | Osteichthyes | Actinopterygii | Actinopteri | Neopterygii | Teleostei | Osteoglossocephalai | Clupeocephala | Euteleosteomorpha | Neoteleostei | Eurypterygia | Ctenosquamata | Acanthomorphata | Acanthopterygii | Percomorphaceae | Carangaria | | | Pleuronectiformes | Pleuronectoidei | | Paralichthyidae |
Important recommendation:
The list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions, which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist.
Rather, it reflects the current content of FishBase, and the progress with respect to synchronization with the Catalog of Fishes. However, we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in FishBase, to start new work on the family, or to cross-check with other lists.
But we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value. In particular, for published scientific, we suggest then to cite it in the Material and Method section as a useful tool to conduct the research, but again, not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference.
Unless it is explicitly precised, the list is not complete, please search all original names published for the family in the Catalog of Fishes (genera, species), including those with uncertain or unknown status, that are not included in FishBase when they are not attached to a valid species.
This list uses some data from Catalog of Fishes (not shown but used to sort names).
The list ordered as follows:
Please send comments and corrections if you detect errors or missing names.
Scientifc name | Status | Senior/Junior synonym | Combination |
---|---|---|---|
Paralichthys dentatus (Linnaeus, 1766) | accepted | senior | new |
Pleuronectes dentatus Linnaeus, 1766 | synonym | senior | original |
Paralichthys orbignyanus (Valenciennes, 1839) | accepted | senior | new |
Platessa orbignyana Valenciennes, 1839 | synonym | senior | original |
! Paralichthys orbignyana (Valenciennes, 1839) | synonym | senior | new |
! Pleuronectes orbignyana (Valenciennes, 1842) | synonym | senior | new |
Xystreurys ribeiroi Fowler & Bean, 1923 | synonym | junior | original |
Paralichthys simulans Lahille, 1939 | synonym | junior | original |
Paralichthys simulans obscurior Lahille, 1939 | ambiguous | other | original |
Paralichthys brasiliensis (Ranzani, 1842) | accepted | senior | new |
Hippoglossus brasiliensis Ranzani, 1842 | synonym | senior | original |
Rhombus aramaca Castelnau, 1855 | synonym | junior | original |
Pseudorhombus vorax Günther, 1862 | ambiguous | questionable | original |
Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) | accepted | senior | new |
Hippoglossus olivaceus Temminck & Schlegel, 1846 | synonym | senior | original |
Paralichthys californicus (Ayres, 1859) | accepted | senior | new |
Hippoglossus californicus Ayres, 1859 | synonym | senior | original |
Paralichthys adspersus (Steindachner, 1867) | accepted | senior | new |
Pseudorhombus adspersus Steindachner, 1867 | synonym | senior | original |
Hippoglossus kingii Jenyns, 1842 | ambiguous | questionable | original |
Paralichthys microps (Günther, 1881) | accepted | senior | new |
Hippoglossina microps Günther, 1881 | synonym | senior | original |
Paralichthys albigutta Jordan & Gilbert, 1882 | accepted | senior | original |
Paralichthys squamilentus Jordan & Gilbert, 1882 | accepted | senior | original |
Paralichthys lethostigma Jordan & Gilbert, 1884 | accepted | senior | original |
! Paralichthys letostigma Jordan & Gilbert, 1884 | synonym | senior | original |
Paralichthys patagonicus Jordan, 1889 | accepted | senior | original |
Paralichthys bicyclophorus Miranda Ribeiro, 1915 | synonym | junior | original |
Paralichthys isosceles Jordan, 1891 | accepted | senior | original |
Paralichthys woolmani Jordan & Williams, 1897 | accepted | senior | original |
! Paralichthys woolmanni Jordan & Williams, 1897 | synonym | senior | original |
Paralichthys sinaloae Jordan & Abbott, 1898 | synonym | junior | original |
Paralichthys aestuarius Gilbert & Scofield, 1898 | accepted | senior | original |
Paralichthys magdalenae Abbott, 1898 | synonym | junior | original |
Paralichthys fernandezianus Steindachner, 1903 | accepted | senior | original |
Paralichthys hilgendorfii Steindachner, 1903 | synonym | junior | original |
! Paralichthys hilgendorfi Steindachner, 1903 | synonym | junior | original |
Paralichthys schmitti Ginsburg, 1933 | synonym | junior | original |
Paralichthys triocellatus Miranda Ribeiro, 1903 | accepted | senior | original |
Paralichthys tropicus Ginsburg, 1933 | accepted | senior | original |
Paralichthys delfini Pequeño & Plaza, 1987 | accepted | senior | original |
Pseudorhombus arsius (Hamilton, 1822) | accepted | senior | new |
Pleuronectes arsius Hamilton, 1822 | synonym | senior | original |
! Pseudorhombus arius (Hamilton, 1822) | synonym | senior | new |
Rhombus lentiginosus Richardson, 1843 | synonym | junior | original |
Rhombus polyspilos Bleeker, 1853 | synonym | junior | original |
Pseudorhombus polyspilos (Bleeker, 1853) | synonym | junior | new |
! Pseudorhombus polyspilus (Bleeker, 1853) | synonym | junior | new |
Teratorhombus excisiceps Macleay, 1881 | synonym | junior | original |
Pleuronectes mortoniensis De Vis, 1882 | synonym | junior | original |
Neorhombus occellatus De Vis, 1886 | synonym | other | original |
! Neorhombus ocellatus De Vis, 1886 | synonym | other | original |
Pseudorhombus andersoni Gilchrist, 1904 | synonym | junior | original |
Pseudorhombus oligodon (non Bleeker, 1854) | misapplied | misapplied | new |
Pseudorhombus triocellatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) | accepted | senior | new |
Pleuronectes triocellatus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 | synonym | senior | original |
Pseudorhombus russellii (Gray, 1834) | accepted | senior | new |
Platessa russellii Gray, 1834 | synonym | senior | original |
Platophrys russellii (Gray, 1834) | synonym | senior | new |
! Pseudorhombus russelli (Gray, 1834) | synonym | junior | new |
Pseudorhombus cinnamoneus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) | accepted | senior | new |
Rhombus cinnamoneus Temminck & Schlegel, 1846 | synonym | senior | original |
! Pseudorhombus cinnamomeus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) | synonym | senior | new |
Pseudorhombus neglectus (non Bleeker, 1865) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Pseudorhombus levisquamis (non Oshima, 1927) | misapplied | misapplied | new |
Pseudorhombus javanicus (Bleeker, 1853) | accepted | senior | new |
Rhombus javanicus Bleeker, 1853 | synonym | senior | original |
Platophrys javanicus (Bleeker, 1853) | synonym | senior | new |
! Pseudorhambus javanicus (Bleeker, 1853) | synonym | senior | new |
Pseudorhombus oligodon (Bleeker, 1854) | accepted | senior | new |
Rhombus oligodon Bleeker, 1854 | synonym | senior | original |
Pseudorhombus arsius (non Hamilton, 1822) | misapplied | misapplied | new |
Pseudorhombus cinnamoneus (non Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) | misapplied | misapplied | new |
Pseudorhombus jenynsii (Bleeker, 1855) | accepted | senior | new |
Platessa jenynsii Bleeker, 1855 | synonym | senior | original |
! Pseudothombus jenynsii (Bleeker, 1855) | synonym | senior | new |
Pseudorhombus argus (non Weber, 1913) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Pseudorhombus pentophthalmus Günther, 1862 | accepted | senior | original |
Pseudorhombus ocellifer Regan, 1905 | synonym | junior | original |
Pseudorhombus malayanus Bleeker, 1865 | accepted | senior | original |
Pseudorhombus oligodon (non Bleeker, 1854) | misapplied | misapplied | new |
Pseudorhombus neglectus Bleeker, 1865 | accepted | senior | original |
Platophrys neglectus (Bleeker, 1865) | synonym | senior | new |
Pseudorhombus jenynsii (non Bleeker, 1855) | misapplied | misapplied | new |
Pseudorhombus tenuirastrum (Waite, 1899) | accepted | senior | new |
Paralichthys tenuirastrum Waite, 1899 | synonym | senior | original |
! Pseudorhombus tenuirostrum (Waite, 1899) | synonym | senior | new |
Pseudorhombus natalensis Gilchrist, 1904 | accepted | senior | original |
Pseudorhombus arsius (non Hamilton, 1822) | misapplied | misapplied | new |
Pseudorhombus russelli (non Gray, 1834) | misapplied | misapplied | new |
Pseudorhombus dupliciocellatus Regan, 1905 | accepted | senior | original |
! Pseudorhombus dupliocellatus Regan, 1905 | synonym | senior | original |
Platophrys palad Evermann & Seale, 1907 | synonym | junior | original |
Pseudorhombus cartwrighti Ogilby, 1912 | synonym | junior | original |
Pseudorhombus elevatus Ogilby, 1912 | accepted | senior | original |
! Pseudorhombus elevates Ogilby, 1912 | synonym | senior | original |
Pseudorhombus affinis Weber, 1913 | synonym | junior | original |
Pseudorhombus arsius (non Hamilton, 1822) | misapplied | misapplied | new |
Pseudorhombus argus Weber, 1913 | accepted | senior | original |
Pseudorhombus jenynsii (non Bleeker, 1855) | misapplied | misapplied | new |
Pseudorhombus spinosus McCulloch, 1914 | accepted | senior | original |
Pseudorhombus diplospilus Norman, 1926 | accepted | senior | original |
Pseudorhombus dupliciocellatus (non Regan, 1905) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Pseudorhombus annulatus Norman, 1927 | accepted | senior | original |
Pseudorhombus ctenosquamis (Oshima, 1927) | accepted | senior | new |
Spinirhombus ctenosquamis Oshima, 1927 | synonym | senior | original |
Pseudorhombus levisquamis (Oshima, 1927) | accepted | senior | new |
Spinirhombus levisquamis Oshima, 1927 | synonym | senior | original |
Pseudorhombus micrognathus Norman, 1927 | accepted | senior | original |
Pseudorhombus quinquocellatus Weber & de Beaufort, 1929 | accepted | senior | original |
Pseudorhombus megalops Fowler, 1934 | accepted | senior | original |
Pseudorhombus sp. 1 Not applicable | synonym | other | other |
Pseudorhombus malayanus (non Bleeker, 1865) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Cephalopsetta ventrocellata (non Dutt & Rao, 1965) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Pseudorhombus binii Tortonese, 1955 | accepted | senior | original |
Pseudorhombus oculocirris Amaoka, 1969 | accepted | senior | original |
Tephrinectes sinensis (Lacepède, 1802) | accepted | senior | new |
Pleuronectes sinensis Lacepède, 1802 | synonym | senior | original |
Paralichthys sinensis (Lacepède, 1802) | synonym | senior | new |
Ancylopsetta quadrocellata Gill, 1864 | accepted | senior | original |
! Ancylopsetta quadrocellatus Gill, 1864 | synonym | senior | original |
Paralichthys ommatus Jordan & Gilbert, 1883 | synonym | other | original |
Ancylopsetta ommata (Jordan & Gilbert, 1883) | synonym | other | new |
Ancylopsetta dilecta (Goode & Bean, 1883) | accepted | senior | new |
Notosema dilecta Goode & Bean, 1883 | synonym | senior | original |
Ancylopsetta dendritica Gilbert, 1890 | accepted | senior | original |
Pseudorhombus dendritica (Gilbert, 1890) | synonym | senior | new |
Ancylopsetta cycloidea Tyler, 1959 | accepted | senior | original |
Ancylopsetta kumperae Tyler, 1959 | accepted | senior | original |
Ancylopsetta antillarum Gutherz, 1966 | accepted | senior | original |
Ancylopsetta microctenus Gutherz, 1966 | accepted | senior | original |
Hippoglossina macrops Steindachner, 1876 | accepted | senior | original |
Hippoglossina oblonga (Mitchill, 1815) | accepted | senior | new |
Pleuronectes oblongus Mitchill, 1815 | synonym | senior | original |
Paralichthys oblongus (Mitchill, 1815) | synonym | senior | new |
Hippoglossina bollmani Gilbert, 1890 | accepted | senior | original |
! Hippoglossina bollsmani Gilbert, 1890 | synonym | senior | original |
Hippoglossina stomata Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1890 | accepted | senior | original |
Hippoglossina tetrophthalma (Gilbert, 1890) | accepted | senior | new |
! Lioglossina tetrophthalmus Gilbert, 1890 | synonym | senior | original |
! Hippoglossina tetrophthalmus (Gilbert, 1890) | synonym | senior | new |
Hippoglossina mystacium Ginsburg, 1936 | accepted | senior | original |
Hippoglossina montemaris de Buen, 1961 | accepted | senior | original |
Thysanopsetta naresi Günther, 1880 | accepted | senior | original |
Xystreurys liolepis Jordan & Gilbert, 1880 | accepted | senior | original |
Xystreurys rasilis (Jordan, 1891) | accepted | senior | new |
Verecundum rasile Jordan, 1891 | synonym | senior | original |
! Xystreurys rasile (Jordan, 1891) | synonym | senior | new |
Gastropsetta frontalis Bean, 1895 | accepted | senior | original |
Tarphops oligolepis (Bleeker, 1858) | accepted | senior | new |
Rhombus oligolepis Bleeker, 1858 | synonym | senior | original |
Pseudorhombus oligolepis (Bleeker, 1858) | synonym | senior | new |
Tarphops elegans Amaoka, 1969 | accepted | senior | original |
Cephalopsetta ventrocellata Dutt & Rao, 1965 | accepted | senior | original |
! Cephalopsetta ventrocellatus Dutt & Rao, 1965 | synonym | senior | original |