Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Οικολογία
Θαλασσινό(ά) Υφαλόφιλο(α); εύρος βάθους 1 - 216 m (Ref. 5951). Tropical; 37°N - 33°S
Western Atlantic: Canada (Ref. 5951) to North Carolina, USA and northern Gulf of Mexico to Brazil; absent from Bermuda, Bahamas and many other island areas.
Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 13.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 7251)
Occurs from the shore (small individuals) to 90 m depth. Inhabits muddy bottoms (Ref. 26340). Anterolateral glandular groove with venom gland (Ref. 57406).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Αναπαραγωγή | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Προνύμφες
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Human uses
Εργαλεία
Special reports
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 18.6 - 27.4, mean 24.2 °C (based on 286 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01318 (0.00626 - 0.02776), b=3.03 (2.86 - 3.20), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.2 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Ελαστικότητα (Ref.
120179): Υψηλό, ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού < 15 μήνες (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (10 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 82.2 [40.8, 199.0] mg/100g; Iron = 0.694 [0.372, 1.780] mg/100g; Protein = 18.5 [16.7, 20.1] %; Omega3 = 0.282 [0.121, 0.799] g/100g; Selenium = 33.8 [16.6, 82.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 165 [55, 474] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.47 [0.99, 2.14] mg/100g (wet weight);
