Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Οικολογία
Θαλασσινό(ά) Υφαλόφιλο(α); εύρος βάθους 1 - 100 m (Ref. 9710). Tropical; 38°N - 33°S
Western Atlantic: Virginia, USA and northern Gulf of Mexico to Brazil; not occurring in Bermuda.
Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 35.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 26340); common length : 20.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 5217)
Ραχιαίες άκανθες (συνολικά) : 12; Μαλακές ραχιαίες ακτίνες (συνολικά) : 9; Εδρικές άκανθες: 3; Μαλακές εδρικές ακτίνες: 5. Occipital pit present; two spines on part of preorbital overlapping maxillary; supplemental preopercular spine present; dark brown spots on inner part of pectoral fin (Ref. 13608).
Commonly found in bays, harbors, and on the continental shelf. Inhabits soft bottoms. Traded as an aquarium fish at Ceará, Brazil (Ref. 49392).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Αναπαραγωγή | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Προνύμφες
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Venomous
Human uses
αλιεία: Εμπορικό(ά); Ενυδρείο: Εμπορικό(ά)
Εργαλεία
Special reports
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 21.8 - 27.9, mean 25.5 °C (based on 528 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01318 (0.00626 - 0.02776), b=3.03 (2.86 - 3.20), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref.
69278): 3.8 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
Ελαστικότητα (Ref.
120179): Μεσαίο(α), ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού 1,4 - 4,4 έτη (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (25 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 45.5 [23.3, 98.5] mg/100g; Iron = 0.542 [0.289, 1.536] mg/100g; Protein = 18.6 [16.9, 20.2] %; Omega3 = 0.215 [0.098, 0.569] g/100g; Selenium = 36.2 [19.8, 87.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 114 [40, 307] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.2 [0.8, 1.7] mg/100g (wet weight);
