Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecologie
marien rifbewoner; diepte 1 - 100 m (Ref. 9710). Tropical; 38°N - 33°S
Western Atlantic: Virginia, USA and northern Gulf of Mexico to Brazil; not occurring in Bermuda.
Grootte / Gewicht / Leeftijd
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 35.0 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 26340); common length : 20.0 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 5217)
Dorsale stekels (totaal) : 12; Dorsale zachte stralen (totaal) : 9; Anale stekels: 3; Anale zachte stralen: 5. Occipital pit present; two spines on part of preorbital overlapping maxillary; supplemental preopercular spine present; dark brown spots on inner part of pectoral fin (Ref. 13608).
Commonly found in bays, harbors, and on the continental shelf. Inhabits soft bottoms. Traded as an aquarium fish at Ceará, Brazil (Ref. 49392).
Levenscyclus en paargedrag
Maturities | Voortplanting | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larven
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
Status op de Rode Lijst van het IUCN (Ref. 130435)
Gevaar voor de mens
Venomous
Gebruik door de mens
Visserij: commercieel; Aquarium: Commercieel
Tools
Speciale rapporten
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 21.8 - 27.9, mean 25.5 °C (based on 528 cells).
Fylogenetische diversiteitsindex (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01318 (0.00626 - 0.02776), b=3.03 (2.86 - 3.20), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trofisch niveau (Ref.
69278): 3.8 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
Weerstandsvermogen (Ref.
120179): Gemiddeld, minimale populatieverdubbelingstijd 1,4-4,4 jaar (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (25 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 45.5 [23.3, 98.5] mg/100g; Iron = 0.542 [0.289, 1.536] mg/100g; Protein = 18.6 [16.9, 20.2] %; Omega3 = 0.215 [0.098, 0.569] g/100g; Selenium = 36.2 [19.8, 87.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 114 [40, 307] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.2 [0.8, 1.7] mg/100g (wet weight);
