分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays)
鰩目 (Stingrays) >
Gymnuridae (Butterfly rays)
燕魟科 (Butterfly rays)
Etymology: Gymnura: Greek, gymnos = naked + Greek, oura = tail (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 深度上下限 5 - 100 m (Ref. 6808). 亞熱帶的; 47°N - 39°S, 98°W - 42°E
Western Atlantic: southern New England, USA, Brazil (Ref. 7251) to Argentina (Ref. 58839). Eastern Atlantic: Portugal to Ambriz, Angola (including the Mediterranean, Black Sea, and the Madeira and Canary islands).
西大西洋: 美國新英格蘭南部巴西 (參考文獻 7251) 到阿根廷.(參考文獻 58839) 東大西洋: 葡萄牙到安哥拉的安布裡甚 (包括地中海，黑海與馬得拉群島與加納利群島).
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 400 cm WD 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3709); common length : 200 cm WD 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3709); 最大體重: 60.0 kg (Ref. 4699)
Tail short armed with spine. Disk very broad. Very low dorsal and ventral finfolds on tail (Ref. 7251). Disk dark brown to grayish, lower surface of disc and of pelvic fins white, brownish, rosy or rusty cast. Tail white or rosy white below (Ref. 6902).
尾部短被覆了棘。 圓盤非常寬的。 在尾部上的非常低的背部與腹的鰭褶.(參考文獻 7251) 圓盤體盤與腹鰭的深褐色到淺灰色又低表面白色的﹐褐色的﹐和玫瑰紅色或赭色的。 尾部白色或紅白色在.之下 (參考文獻 6902)
Maximum length measured is 140 cm (Ref. 5377). Occurs over sand and mud. Feeds on fishes, crustaceans, mollusks and plankton. Ovoviviparous, gestation lasting about 6 months with 4 to 7 embryos produced per female (Ref. 6676).
測量的最大的長度是 140 公分。 (參考文獻 5377) 生活在沙子與泥之上。 捕食魚類, 甲殼動物，軟體動物與浮游生物。 卵胎生的, 大約 6個月持續的妊娠 3 到 7個胚胎每次生產.(參考文獻 6676)
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205).西大西洋: 美國新英格蘭南部巴西 (參考文獻 7251) 到阿根廷.(參考文獻 58839) 東大西洋: 葡萄牙到安哥拉的安布裡甚 (包括地中海，黑海與馬得拉群島與加納利群島).
Bauchot, M.-L., 1987. Raies et autres batoides. p. 845-886. In W. Fischer, M.L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.) Fiches FAO d'identificationpour les besoins de la pêche. (rev. 1). Mèditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de pêche 37. Vol. II. Commission des Communautés Européennes and FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3261)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
瀕危 (EN) (A2d); Date assessed: 21 June 2019
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 14.9 - 27.8, mean 23.6 °C (based on 860 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01122 (0.00613 - 0.02054), b=3.11 (2.94 - 3.28), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增時間超過14 年 (Fec 4-7).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (60 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 10.2 [1.9, 47.1] mg/100g; Iron = 0.577 [0.144, 1.583] mg/100g; Protein = 23.6 [20.2, 26.5] %; Omega3 = 0.252 [0.073, 0.785] g/100g; Selenium = 28.7 [8.6, 87.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 3.86 [1.23, 11.42] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.398 [0.197, 0.731] mg/100g (wet weight);
