Ikan bertulang rawan (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) >
Gymnuridae (Butterfly rays)
Etymology: Gymnura: Greek, gymnos = naked + Greek, oura = tail (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ekologi
laut; payau dasar (demersal); kisaran kedalaman 5 - 100 m (Ref. 6808). Subtropical; 47°N - 39°S, 98°W - 42°E
Western Atlantic: southern New England, USA, Brazil (Ref. 7251) to Argentina (Ref. 58839). Eastern Atlantic: Portugal to Ambriz, Angola (including the Mediterranean, Black Sea, and the Madeira and Canary islands).
Size / Weight / umur
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 400 cm WD jantan/; (Ref. 3709); common length : 200 cm WD jantan/; (Ref. 3709); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 60.0 kg (Ref. 4699)
Tail short armed with spine. Disk very broad. Very low dorsal and ventral finfolds on tail (Ref. 7251). Disk dark brown to grayish, lower surface of disc and of pelvic fins white, brownish, rosy or rusty cast. Tail white or rosy white below (Ref. 6902).
Maximum length measured is 140 cm (Ref. 5377). Occurs over sand and mud. Feeds on fishes, crustaceans, mollusks and plankton. Ovoviviparous, gestation lasting about 6 months with 4 to 7 embryos produced per female (Ref. 6676).
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205).
Bauchot, M.-L., 1987. Raies et autres batoides. p. 845-886. In W. Fischer, M.L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.) Fiches FAO d'identificationpour les besoins de la pêche. (rev. 1). Mèditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de pêche 37. Vol. II. Commission des Communautés Européennes and FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3261)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435)
ancaman kepada manusia
Harmless
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: nilai komersial kecil; Ikan buruan: ya
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 14.9 - 27.8, mean 23.6 °C (based on 860 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01122 (0.00613 - 0.02054), b=3.11 (2.94 - 3.28), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Daya lenting (Ref.
120179): sangat rendah, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum lebih dari 14 tahun (Fec 4-7).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (60 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 10.2 [1.9, 47.1] mg/100g; Iron = 0.577 [0.144, 1.583] mg/100g; Protein = 23.6 [20.2, 26.5] %; Omega3 = 0.252 [0.073, 0.785] g/100g; Selenium = 28.7 [8.6, 87.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 3.86 [1.23, 11.42] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.398 [0.197, 0.731] mg/100g (wet weight);
