分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鳃亚纲 (鲨鱼与 鱼) (sharks and rays) >
Lamniformes (Mackerel sharks) >
Alopiidae (Thresher sharks)
Etymology: Alopias: From alopex, Greek for fox, referring to the ancient vernacular “fox shark,” from its supposed cunning (ancients believed that when it took a bait, it swallowed the hook until it got to the cord, which it bit off and so escaped). (See ETYFish); vulpinus: Latin for fox-like (as for genus). (See ETYFish).
More on author: Bonnaterre.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 650 m (Ref. 106604), usually 0 - 200 m (Ref. 55168). 亞熱帶的; 74°N - 58°S, 180°W - 180°E (Ref. 54279)
Cosmopolitan in temperate and tropical seas (Ref. 6871, 58085). Population considered reduced (R) in the US Atlantic waters; lower risk/conservation dependent (LR/CD) in US Pacific waters; data deficient (DD) in the rest of Atlantic and rest of Pacific (Ref. 12451). Highly migratory species.
全球分佈於溫帶與熱帶的海洋。 (參考文獻 6871) 西大西洋: 加拿大紐芬蘭到古巴，墨西哥灣，委內瑞拉巴西到阿根廷。 東大西洋: 挪威與不列顛群島到地中海，摩洛哥，迦納與象牙海岸; 也南非的開普省。 印度-太平洋: 分散的地點從亞丁灣而且東非到夏威夷，社會島與扇形島。 東太平洋: 加拿大到智利。 認為的族群在美國大西洋水域中縮小的 (R)了; 在美國太平洋水域的三級保育類動物 (LR/CD); 在其它的大西洋與太平洋其餘部分的生物資料不足 (DD).(參考文獻 12451) 高度遷移的種,1982年海事法會議的附件一.(參考文獻 26139)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 351.0, range 226 - 400 cm
Max length : 573 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 106604); 549.0 cm TL (female); common length : 450 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 5217); 最大体重: 348.0 kg (Ref. 40637); 最大年龄: 25 年 (Ref. 81241)
背棘 (总数) : 0; 臀棘: 0. A large thresher with relatively small eyes, curved, narrow-tipped pectoral fins, a narrow-tipped caudal fin, and a conspicuous white patch over the pectoral fin bases (Ref. 5578). Second dorsal origin well behind the rear tip of the pelvic fin (Ref. 559). Upper lobe of caudal fin very long and strap-like, about as long as or longer than length of rest of shark; lower lobe short but well developed (Ref. 13570). Brown, grey, blue-grey, or blackish on back and underside of snout, lighter on sides and abruptly white below; a white area extends from the abdomen over the pectoral-fin bases; pectoral-, pelvic-, and dorsal fins blackish, white dots sometimes present on pectoral-, pelvic-, and caudal- fin tips (Ref. 13570).
一种大的长尾鲛有被弯曲的相当小的眼，顶端狭窄的胸鳍，一个顶端狭窄的尾鳍 , 与在胸鳍基底上的一个显着的白色斑块。 (参考文献 5578) 第二背鳍起源在腹鳍的后顶端正后方。 (参考文献 559) 尾鳍上叶非常长而带状的, 大约与或一样长长度超过其他鲨鱼的长度; 下叶短但是发展良好的.(参考文献 13570) 褐色的, 灰色的，蓝灰色，或黑色的背面与吻部下面, 两边颜色较淡而腹面醒目的白色; 一个白色的区域延伸在胸鳍基底上的从腹部; 胸鳍、腹鳍与背鳍黑色又白色的点在胸鳍、腹鳍与尾鳍顶端上有时候有.(参考文献 13570)
Coastal over continental and insular shelves and epipelagic far from land (Ref. 30573, 43278, 58302). Oceanic although most abundant near land, pelagic at 1-366 m (Ref. 58302). Young often close inshore and in shallow bays (Ref. 5578). Feeds on schooling fishes (including mackerels, bluefishes, clupeids, needlefishes, lancetfishes and lanternfishes), squid, octopi, pelagic crustaceans, and rarely seabirds (Ref. 247). Ovoviviparous, embryos feeding on yolk sac and other ova produced by the mother (Ref. 43278, 50449). Uses its long caudal fin to bunch up and stun prey (Ref. 2850). Spatial and depth segregation by sex in northwestern Indian Ocean populations (Ref. 247). A few attacks on boats are doubtfully attributed to this species, but it is otherwise apparently harmless to humans, though the size of adults of this species command respect (Ref. 247). May cause damage to fishing gear (Ref. 6885). Valued for its meat, liver, hide, and fins; utilized fresh, dried-salted, smoked, and frozen (Ref. 9987).
海岸的大陆架与岛屿棚之上与表层带远离土地。 (参考文献 30573) 幼鱼时常近岸与在浅湾中.(参考文献 5578) 吃群游性鱼 (包括鲭，跳鱼，鲱鱼，颌针鱼，柳叶鱼与灯笼鱼) ，乌贼，章鱼，大洋性甲壳动物, 与很少地海鸟.(参考文献 247) 卵胎生的, 胚胎吃产生于母亲的卵黄囊与其他的卵.(参考文献 50449) 使用它的长尾鳍串起而且打昏猎物。 (参考文献 2850) 在在西北部的印度洋族群的性别空间深度分离.(参考文献 247) 一些对船的攻击是归因于可疑的这种，但是否则对人类，它显然无害处, 虽然这种的成鱼的大小值得重视。 (参考文献 247) 可能引起对渔网的伤害。 (参考文献 6885) 重要的是它的肉 , 肝脏,隐藏, 与鳍; 生鲜利用 , 乾燥盐腌,烟熏了, 与冷冻.(参考文献 9987)
Ovoviviparous, embryos feed solely on the ova produced by the mother after the yolk sac is absorbed (oophagy) (Ref. 50449), 2 to 4 young in a litter (usually 2) (Ref. 247). Size at birth 114-150 cm (Ref. 247). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205).全球分佈於溫帶與熱帶的海洋。 (參考文獻 6871) 西大西洋: 加拿大紐芬蘭到古巴，墨西哥灣，委內瑞拉巴西到阿根廷。 東大西洋: 挪威與不列顛群島到地中海，摩洛哥，迦納與象牙海岸; 也南非的開普省。 印度-太平洋: 分散的地點從亞丁灣而且東非到夏威夷，社會島與扇形島。 東太平洋: 加拿大到智利。 認為的族群在美國大西洋水域中縮小的 (R)了; 在美國太平洋水域的三級保育類動物 (LR/CD); 在其它的大西洋與太平洋其餘部分的生物資料不足 (DD).(參考文獻 12451) 高度遷移的種,1982年海事法會議的附件一.(參考文獻 26139)
Compagno, L.J.V., 1984. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/1):1-249. Rome, FAO. (Ref. 247)
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 游钓鱼种: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 11.6 - 28.2, mean 23.3 °C (based on 8352 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.7500 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00851 (0.00363 - 0.01997), b=2.86 (2.66 - 3.06), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 11.0 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.1; tm=5-7; tmax=19; Fec=2-4).
Prior r = 0.05, 95% CL = 0.03 - 0.07, Based on 1 full stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (77 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (62 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 6.93 [1.98, 35.15] mg/100g; Iron = 0.726 [0.178, 2.143] mg/100g; Protein = 20.7 [18.3, 23.1] %; Omega3 = 0.379 [0.152, 0.923] g/100g; Selenium = 37.8 [10.7, 110.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 4.78 [1.56, 14.81] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.28 [0.14, 0.52] mg/100g (wet weight);
