分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) >
Lamniformes (Mackerel sharks)
鼠鯊目 (Mackerel sharks) >
Alopiidae (Thresher sharks)
狐鮫科 (Thresher sharks)
Etymology: Alopias: From alopex, Greek for fox, referring to the ancient vernacular “fox shark,” from its supposed cunning (ancients believed that when it took a bait, it swallowed the hook until it got to the cord, which it bit off and so escaped). (See ETYFish); vulpinus: Latin for fox-like (as for genus). (See ETYFish).
More on author: Bonnaterre.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 650 m (Ref. 106604), usually 0 - 200 m (Ref. 55168). 亞熱帶的; 74°N - 58°S, 180°W - 180°E (Ref. 54279)
Cosmopolitan in temperate and tropical seas (Ref. 6871, 58085). Population considered reduced (R) in the US Atlantic waters; lower risk/conservation dependent (LR/CD) in US Pacific waters; data deficient (DD) in the rest of Atlantic and rest of Pacific (Ref. 12451). Highly migratory species.
全球分佈於溫帶與熱帶的海洋。 (參考文獻 6871) 西大西洋: 加拿大紐芬蘭到古巴，墨西哥灣，委內瑞拉巴西到阿根廷。 東大西洋: 挪威與不列顛群島到地中海，摩洛哥，迦納與象牙海岸; 也南非的開普省。 印度-太平洋: 分散的地點從亞丁灣而且東非到夏威夷，社會島與扇形島。 東太平洋: 加拿大到智利。 認為的族群在美國大西洋水域中縮小的 (R)了; 在美國太平洋水域的三級保育類動物 (LR/CD); 在其它的大西洋與太平洋其餘部分的生物資料不足 (DD).(參考文獻 12451) 高度遷移的種,1982年海事法會議的附件一.(參考文獻 26139)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 351.0, range 226 - 400 cm
Max length : 573 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 106604); 549.0 cm TL (female); common length : 450 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5217); 最大體重: 348.0 kg (Ref. 40637); 最大年齡: 25 年 (Ref. 81241)
背棘 (總數) : 0; 臀棘: 0. A large thresher with relatively small eyes, curved, narrow-tipped pectoral fins, a narrow-tipped caudal fin, and a conspicuous white patch over the pectoral fin bases (Ref. 5578). Second dorsal origin well behind the rear tip of the pelvic fin (Ref. 559). Upper lobe of caudal fin very long and strap-like, about as long as or longer than length of rest of shark; lower lobe short but well developed (Ref. 13570). Brown, grey, blue-grey, or blackish on back and underside of snout, lighter on sides and abruptly white below; a white area extends from the abdomen over the pectoral-fin bases; pectoral-, pelvic-, and dorsal fins blackish, white dots sometimes present on pectoral-, pelvic-, and caudal- fin tips (Ref. 13570).
一種大的長尾鮫有被彎曲的相當小的眼，頂端狹窄的胸鰭，一個頂端狹窄的尾鰭 , 與在胸鰭基底上的一個顯著的白色斑塊。 (參考文獻 5578) 第二背鰭起源在腹鰭的後頂端正後方。 (參考文獻 559) 尾鰭上葉非常長而帶狀的, 大約與或一樣長長度超過其他鯊魚的長度; 下葉短但是發展良好的.(參考文獻 13570) 褐色的, 灰色的﹐藍灰色﹐或黑色的背面與吻部下面, 兩邊顏色較淡而腹面醒目的白色; 一個白色的區域延伸在胸鰭基底上的從腹部; 胸鰭、腹鰭與背鰭黑色又白色的點在胸鰭、腹鰭與尾鰭頂端上有時候有.(參考文獻 13570)
Coastal over continental and insular shelves and epipelagic far from land (Ref. 30573, 43278, 58302). Oceanic although most abundant near land, pelagic at 1-366 m (Ref. 58302). Young often close inshore and in shallow bays (Ref. 5578). Feeds on schooling fishes (including mackerels, bluefishes, clupeids, needlefishes, lancetfishes and lanternfishes), squid, octopi, pelagic crustaceans, and rarely seabirds (Ref. 247). Ovoviviparous, embryos feeding on yolk sac and other ova produced by the mother (Ref. 43278, 50449). Uses its long caudal fin to bunch up and stun prey (Ref. 2850). Spatial and depth segregation by sex in northwestern Indian Ocean populations (Ref. 247). A few attacks on boats are doubtfully attributed to this species, but it is otherwise apparently harmless to humans, though the size of adults of this species command respect (Ref. 247). May cause damage to fishing gear (Ref. 6885). Valued for its meat, liver, hide, and fins; utilized fresh, dried-salted, smoked, and frozen (Ref. 9987).
海岸的大陸棚與島嶼棚之上與表層帶遠離土地。 (參考文獻 30573,58302) 大洋性的雖然最豐富的近土地，在 1-366 公尺的大洋性.(參考文獻 58302) 幼魚時常近岸與在淺灣中.(參考文獻 5578) 吃群游性魚 (包括鯖，跳魚，鯡魚，頜針魚，柳葉魚與燈籠魚) ，烏賊，章魚，大洋性甲殼動物, 與很少地海鳥.(參考文獻 247) 卵胎生的, 胚胎吃產生於母親的卵黃囊與其他的卵.(參考文獻 50449) 使用它的長尾鰭串起而且打昏獵物。 (參考文獻 2850) 在在西北部的印度洋族群的性別空間深度分離.(參考文獻 247) 一些對船的攻擊是歸因於可疑的這種，但是否則對人類，它顯然無害處, 雖然這種的成魚的大小值得重視。 (參考文獻 247) 可能引起對漁網的傷害。 (參考文獻 6885) 重要的是它的肉 , 肝臟,隱藏, 與鰭; 生鮮利用 , 乾燥鹽醃,煙燻., 與冷凍.(參考文獻 9987)
Ovoviviparous, embryos feed solely on the ova produced by the mother after the yolk sac is absorbed (oophagy) (Ref. 50449), 2 to 4 young in a litter (usually 2) (Ref. 247). Size at birth 114-150 cm (Ref. 247). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205).全球分佈於溫帶與熱帶的海洋。 (參考文獻 6871) 西大西洋: 加拿大紐芬蘭到古巴，墨西哥灣，委內瑞拉巴西到阿根廷。 東大西洋: 挪威與不列顛群島到地中海，摩洛哥，迦納與象牙海岸; 也南非的開普省。 印度-太平洋: 分散的地點從亞丁灣而且東非到夏威夷，社會島與扇形島。 東太平洋: 加拿大到智利。 認為的族群在美國大西洋水域中縮小的 (R)了; 在美國太平洋水域的三級保育類動物 (LR/CD); 在其它的大西洋與太平洋其餘部分的生物資料不足 (DD).(參考文獻 12451) 高度遷移的種,1982年海事法會議的附件一.(參考文獻 26139)
Compagno, L.J.V., 1984. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/1):1-249. Rome, FAO. (Ref. 247)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 11.6 - 28.2, mean 23.3 °C (based on 8352 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.7500 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00851 (0.00363 - 0.01997), b=2.86 (2.66 - 3.06), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 11.0 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.1; tm=5-7; tmax=19; Fec=2-4).
Prior r = 0.05, 95% CL = 0.03 - 0.07, Based on 1 full stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (77 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (62 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 6.93 [1.98, 35.15] mg/100g; Iron = 0.726 [0.178, 2.143] mg/100g; Protein = 20.7 [18.3, 23.1] %; Omega3 = 0.379 [0.152, 0.923] g/100g; Selenium = 37.8 [10.7, 110.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 4.78 [1.56, 14.81] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.28 [0.14, 0.52] mg/100g (wet weight);
