Entorno: milieu / zona climática / rango de profundidad / gama de distribución
Ecología
marino; salobre demersal; pH range: 0.0 - 10.4; anadromo (Ref. 126106); rango de profundidad 0 - 50 m (Ref. 13325). Subtropical; 11°C - 34°C (Ref. 127853); 29°N - 17°S
Western Atlantic: Cape Cod (USA), Bermuda, and northern Gulf of Mexico to southern Brazil. Questionable occurrence records in the China (Ref. 52360), Taiwan (47843), and Vietnam (Ref. 9706, 46452).
Longitud en la primera madurez / Tamaño / Peso / Edad
Madurez: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 100.0 cm TL macho / no sexado; (Ref. 26340); common length : 60.0 cm TL macho / no sexado; (Ref. 3718); peso máximo publicado: 10.1 kg (Ref. 4699)
Descripción breve
Claves de identificación | Morfología | Morfometría
Espinas dorsales (total) : 0; Radios blandos dorsales (total) : 25 - 29; Espinas anales: 0; Radios blandos anales: 16 - 19; Vértebra: 73 - 85. Scales small, more than 100 in lateral line. Gular plate narrow (Ref. 26938). Silvery overall, with bluish on upper surface (Ref. 7251). Branchiostegal rays: 26-33 (Ref. 4639).
Body shape (shape guide): elongated; Cross section: compressed.
Adults occur in shallow neritic areas, over muddy bottoms (Ref. 5217). Also found in brackish estuaries and juveniles are common in lagoons and hyper-saline bays (Ref. 5217). They form large schools close to the shore (Ref. 9987). Feed mainly on crustaceans and small fishes. Spawn in the open sea (Ref. 5217). Larval development is represented by profound changes in body form accompanied by 2 periods of length increase, interspaced by a period of length decrease (Ref. 4639). Noted for their habit of skipping along the surface of the water and for jumping after being hooked (Ref. 5521). Marketed fresh, salted and frozen but considered a second rate food fish (Ref. 3718). Rhynchobothrium bulbifer found in the viscera of the adult (Ref. 37032).
Spawns offshore, the larvae drifting towards the coast where they shelter and grow (Ref. 9987). Leptocephalus larvae are found in salinities as low as 0.0+ to 0.8 ppt (Ref. 75142).
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
Situación en la Lista Roja de la UICN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Amenaza para el ser humano
Harmless
Usos humanos
Pesquerías: escaso valor comercial; pesca deportiva: si; carnada: usually
Herramientas
Informes especiales
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Fuentes de Internet
Estimaciones basadas en modelos
Temperatura preferida (Referencia
123201): 25 - 29.1, mean 28 °C (based on 1142 cells).
Índice de diversidad filogenética (Referencia
82804): PD
50 = 0.5176 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00631 (0.00473 - 0.00842), b=2.94 (2.86 - 3.02), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Nivel trófico (Referencia
69278): 3.5 ±0.3 se; based on diet studies.
Resiliencia (Referencia
120179): Medio, población duplicada en un tiempo mínimo de 1.4-4.4 años (K=0.22-0.3; tm=2).
Vulnerabilidad pesquera (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (60 of 100).
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Vulnerabilidad climática (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (88 of 100).
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Nutrientes (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 22.2 [10.7, 44.5] mg/100g; Iron = 0.569 [0.300, 0.970] mg/100g; Protein = 17.7 [15.5, 20.7] %; Omega3 = 0.15 [0.08, 0.27] g/100g; Selenium = 20.8 [10.2, 44.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 34.3 [11.0, 111.0] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.654 [0.437, 1.015] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.