分類 / Names
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Teleostei >
Kurtiformes (Nurseryfishes, cardinalfishes.)
鱸形目 (Nurseryfishes, cardinalfishes.) >
Apogonidae (Cardinalfishes)
天竺鯛科 (Cardinalfishes) > Apogoninae
Etymology: Apogon: Greek, a = without + Greek pogon = chin, beard (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 礁區魚類; 非遷移的; 深度上下限 10 - 200 m (Ref. 4738). 亞熱帶的; 45°N - 5°S, 32°W - 36°E
Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea: Portugal to Morocco and the Azores. Elsewhere, southward to Gulf of Guinea.
東大西洋與地中海: 葡萄牙到摩洛哥與亞速群島。 其他地方, 向南至幾內亞灣。
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - 5.5 cm
Max length : 15.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 4738); 最大年齡: 5 年 (Ref. 93355)
背棘 (總數) : 7; 背的軟條 (總數) : 9 - 10; 臀棘: 2; 臀鰭軟條: 8 - 9. Eye very large, much greater than snout. Pectoral fin long, reaching at least origin of anal fin. Preopercular edge only slightly serrated, preopercular ridge smooth. Body and fins red or pink, back and upper surface of head dusky. Two or three dark spots, sometimes joined, along base of caudal fin.
眼非常大的, 大於吻。 胸鰭長的, 達到至少臀鰭起點。 前鰓蓋骨邊緣只些微地鋸齒狀的, 前鰓蓋骨脊平滑的。 身體與鰭紅色或頭部的粉紅色，背面與上表皮暗色的。 二或三個深色斑點,有時結合, 沿著尾鰭基底。
Occasionally forms schools; sometimes solitary. Inhabits muddy or rocky bottoms and caves (Ref. 4738). A sciaphilous species thriving in a number of shady/dark habitats and frequents marine caves, where it forms large schools (Ref. 118281). Feeds on small invertebrates and fishes (Ref. 4738). Observed to feed in the water column and just over the bottom, always at night; 93.4% of observed events occurring outside the caves, usually on rocky bottoms and Posidonia oceanica meadows, and to a lesser extent on pebbles (Ref. 118281). Oral brooding by males (Ref. 4738).
偶然地形成魚群; 有時獨居性的。 棲息於泥濘的或岩石底部與洞穴。 吃小型無脊椎動物與魚。 (參考文獻 4738)
Males incubate eggs in buccal cavity (Ref. 205, 4738, 74407). Embryos do not feed externally in the buccal cavity. Distinct pairing during courtship and spawning (Ref. 205). Internal fertilization and paternal care by mouthbrooding is found to be a rare combination of reproductive strategy (Ref. 74407). Also Ref. 240.東大西洋與地中海: 葡萄牙到摩洛哥與亞速群島。 其他地方, 向南至幾內亞灣。
Tortonese, E., 1986. Apogonidae. p. 803-809. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. vol. 2. (Ref. 4738)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 誘餌:
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 13.3 - 20.9, mean 16.3 °C (based on 216 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01096 (0.00658 - 0.01826), b=3.11 (2.97 - 3.25), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.4 ±0.61 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 1.2 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.90; tmax=5).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (15 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 56.5 [28.7, 122.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.811 [0.475, 1.384] mg/100g; Protein = 19.7 [18.6, 20.7] %; Omega3 = 0.291 [0.167, 0.487] g/100g; Selenium = 18.6 [8.6, 36.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 54.9 [18.0, 172.0] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.05 [0.67, 1.59] mg/100g (wet weight);
