Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ekologi
; air tawar; payau pelagis, permukaan. Subtropical; 10°N - 35°S
South America: Argentina (Rio de la Plata down to Buenos Aires, Rio Paraná), Uruguay (Rio Uruguay), Brazil (Rio Tapajoz, Amazon as far up as Rio Jurua and down probably to mouth), the Guianas (Surinam, Guyana), Venezuela and Colombia (Orinoco from Rio Manacacias at Puerto Gaitan to Orinoco mouth). Reported from French Guiana (Ref. 27233).
Size / Weight / umur
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 73.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 5217); common length : 45.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 5217)
Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)) : 0; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)) : 0; Duri dubur: 0; Sirip dubur lunak: 38 - 46. Belly with 20 to 24 + 12 to 14, total 32 to 37 scutes. Lower jaw projecting; upper jaw with a toothed hypo-maxillary bone between hind tip of pre-maxilla and lower bulge of maxilla blade; lower gill rakers 23 to 31 (in fishes of 10 to 50 cm standard length, with the lower numbers in larger fishes). Pelvic fins with distinct axillary scale; anal fin origin under dorsal fin base.
Riverine, apparently not entering the sea, although presumably tolerating some salinity at river mouths. Not clearly distinguished from P. castelnaeana in the past, so that previous biological or fishery data may apply to either species. Flesh considered low quality (Ref. 5217). Seldom captured in the lower reaches of rivers (Ref. 27188).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Kematangan | Reproduksi, perkembang biakan | Pemijahan | telur-telur | Fecundity | Larva
Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
ancaman kepada manusia
Harmless
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: perikanan swasembada
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5156 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00813 (0.00495 - 0.01335), b=3.02 (2.88 - 3.16), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.80 se; based on food items.
Daya lenting (Ref.
120179): sedang, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 1.4 - 4.4 tahun (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (49 of 100).
