Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
البيئة
بحري; مياه مخلوطة القاع; محيطية (Ref. 51243); نطاق العمق 6 - 30 m (Ref. 57178). Temperate; 80°N - 37°N, 25°W - 36°E
Northeast Atlantic: Murman and Spitzbergen to Portugal, including Iceland and much of the Baltic.
Length at first maturity / الحجم / وزن / العمر
Maturity: Lm 13.0, range 11 - 15 cm
Max length : 40.0 cm SL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 4674); common length : 20.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 4645)
Tip of pectoral fin reaches the front end of the dorsal fin. Dark spot on each side of the snout. Two pointed teeth in the palate. Upper jaw not protractile (Ref. 35388).
Inshore, including the inter-tidal zone and estuaries, and offshore to about 60 m depth. Commonly associated with Ammodytes species. Feeds initially on zooplankton, later small fish (clupeids and ammodytids) dominate the diet. Summer batch spawner. Used mainly for fishmeal and oil, but also utilized fresh and pan-fried for human consumption (Ref. 9988).
Muus, B.J. and P. Dahlström, 1974. Collins guide to the sea fishes of Britain and North-Western Europe. Collins, London, UK. 244 p. (Ref. 173)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: ذو قيمة تاجرية عالية; طعم: occasionally
أدوات
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مصادر علي الأنترنت
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 8.8 - 12.8, mean 10.3 °C (based on 476 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.7500 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00269 (0.00152 - 0.00475), b=3.01 (2.85 - 3.17), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 2.7 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
المرونه (Ref.
120179): وسيط, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع 1.4-4.4 سنة (tm=2; Fec=35,000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (32 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 50.7 [28.6, 103.2] mg/100g; Iron = 0.402 [0.237, 0.669] mg/100g; Protein = 18.9 [17.2, 20.8] %; Omega3 = 0.405 [0.217, 0.718] g/100g; Selenium = 10.1 [4.9, 20.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 20.1 [7.0, 60.0] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.594 [0.420, 0.824] mg/100g (wet weight);
