分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋 居于水底的; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 50 - 2000 m (Ref. 4705). 溫帶; 79°N - 36°N, 77°W - 55°E
Northwestern Atlantic: southwestern Greenland and Labrador in Canada to Virginia in USA (Ref. 7251); Northeastern Atlantic: Bay of Biscay to Spitsbergen, Barents Sea, Iceland and eastern Greenland.
東大西洋: 到斯匹次卑爾根群島，巴倫支海, 冰島與格陵蘭東部的比斯開灣。 西大西洋: 在美國的加拿大到維吉尼亞的格陵蘭西南方與拉布拉多.(參考文獻 7251)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 122.0, range 135 - ? cm
Max length : 470 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 7251); 300.0 cm TL (female); 最大体重: 320.0 kg (Ref. 7251); 最大年龄: 50 年 (Ref. 173)
背棘 (总数) : 0; 背的软条 (总数) : 98 - 110; 臀棘: 0; 臀鳍软条: 73 - 85. Uniformly dark brown or black; young marbled or spotted with paler marks (Ref. 4705).
全黑褐色或黑色的; 幼鱼有大理石花纹或者有较灰白的标志斑点。 (参考文献 4705)
Adults are benthic but occasionally pelagic (Ref. 4705). Feed mainly on other fishes (cod, haddock, pogge, sand-eels, herring, capelin), but also takes cephalopods, large crustaceans and other bottom-living animals. Batch spawner (Ref. 51846). Growth rate varies according to density, competition and availability of food. Slow growth rate and late onset of sexual maturity, halibut populations can be seriously affected by overfishing (Ref. 35388). Utilized fresh, dried or salted, smoked and frozen; can be steamed, fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988). Also Ref. 58426.
底栖的但是偶然大洋性.(参考文献 4705) 主要吃其他的鱼 (鳕鱼，黑斑鳕， pogge, 沙子-鳗鱼，鲱鱼, capelin), 也捕食头足类动物，大的甲壳动物与其他的底栖动物。 生鲜使用, 乾燥或盐腌, 烟熏与冷冻的; 能被蒸,油炸,火烤, 煮沸, 微波而且烧烤。 (参考文献 9988) 成长比率各种各样的根据食物的密度，竞争与有效。 减慢性成熟的增长率与迟攻击, 大比目鱼族群能严重地被藉由捕捞过度影响.(参考文献 35388)
Males reach sexual maturity at 7-8 years and females at 10-11 years. Spawning happens from December to April, near the bottom (300 to 700 m), at temperatures between 5 and 7°. Egg size 3.0-3.8, larval size at hatching 6.5 mm (Ref. 4705).東大西洋: 到斯匹次卑爾根群島，巴倫支海, 冰島與格陵蘭東部的比斯開灣。 西大西洋: 在美國的加拿大到維吉尼亞的格陵蘭西南方與拉布拉多.(參考文獻 7251)
Vinnikov, K.A., R.C. Thomson and T.A. Munroe, 2018. Revised classification of the righteye flounders (Teleostei: Pleuronectidae) based on multilocus phylogeny with complete taxon sampling. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 125:147-162. (Ref. 122998)
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 养殖: 实验的; 游钓鱼种: 是的; 水族馆: 公众的水族馆
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 0.4 - 7.9, mean 3.4 °C (based on 1760 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.7500 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00550 (0.00398 - 0.00759), b=3.17 (3.08 - 3.26), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增时间超过14 年 (tmax=30; tm=10; K=0.02-0.2; Fec=1,300,000; also Musick et al. 2000 (Ref.
36717)).
Prior r = 0.27, 95% CL = 0.18 - 0.40, Based on 1 full stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (88 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (43 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 5.62 [1.90, 13.84] mg/100g; Iron = 0.178 [0.067, 0.495] mg/100g; Protein = 17.9 [16.0, 20.4] %; Omega3 = 0.35 [0.14, 0.90] g/100g; Selenium = 57.8 [19.5, 148.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 7.93 [1.78, 32.76] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.387 [0.168, 0.655] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
