分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes)
鰈形目 (Flatfishes) >
Pleuronectidae (Righteye flounders)
鰈科 (Righteye flounders) > Hippoglossinae
Etymology: Hippoglossus: Greek, ippos = horse + Greek, glossa = tongue (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 居於水底的; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 50 - 2000 m (Ref. 4705). 溫帶; 79°N - 36°N, 77°W - 55°E
Northwestern Atlantic: southwestern Greenland and Labrador in Canada to Virginia in USA (Ref. 7251); Northeastern Atlantic: Bay of Biscay to Spitsbergen, Barents Sea, Iceland and eastern Greenland.
東大西洋: 到斯匹次卑爾根群島，巴倫支海, 冰島與格陵蘭東部的比斯開灣。 西大西洋: 在美國的加拿大到維吉尼亞的格陵蘭西南方與拉布拉多.(參考文獻 7251)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 122.0, range 135 - ? cm
Max length : 470 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 7251); 300.0 cm TL (female); 最大體重: 320.0 kg (Ref. 7251); 最大年齡: 50 年 (Ref. 173)
背棘 (總數) : 0; 背的軟條 (總數) : 98 - 110; 臀棘: 0; 臀鰭軟條: 73 - 85. Uniformly dark brown or black; young marbled or spotted with paler marks (Ref. 4705).
全黑褐色或黑色的; 幼魚有大理石花紋或者有較灰白的標誌斑點。 (參考文獻 4705)
Adults are benthic but occasionally pelagic (Ref. 4705). Feed mainly on other fishes (cod, haddock, pogge, sand-eels, herring, capelin), but also takes cephalopods, large crustaceans and other bottom-living animals. Batch spawner (Ref. 51846). Growth rate varies according to density, competition and availability of food. Slow growth rate and late onset of sexual maturity, halibut populations can be seriously affected by overfishing (Ref. 35388). Utilized fresh, dried or salted, smoked and frozen; can be steamed, fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988). Also Ref. 58426.
成魚是底棲的但是偶然大洋性.(參考文獻 4705) 主要捕食其他的魚 (鱈魚，黑斑鱈， pogge, 沙子-鰻魚，鯡魚, capelin), 也捕食頭足類動物，大的甲殼動物與其他的底棲動物。 分批產卵者.(參考文獻 51846) 生鮮使用, 乾燥或鹽醃, 煙燻與冷凍的; 能被蒸,油炸,火烤, 煮沸, 微波而且燒烤。 (參考文獻 9988) 成長比率各種各樣的根據食物的密度，競爭與有效。 減慢成長率與性成熟的遲攻擊, 大比目魚族群能嚴重地被藉由捕撈過度影響 (. 參考文獻 35388) 也參考文獻 58426.
Males reach sexual maturity at 7-8 years and females at 10-11 years. Spawning happens from December to April, near the bottom (300 to 700 m), at temperatures between 5 and 7°. Egg size 3.0-3.8, larval size at hatching 6.5 mm (Ref. 4705).東大西洋: 到斯匹次卑爾根群島，巴倫支海, 冰島與格陵蘭東部的比斯開灣。 西大西洋: 在美國的加拿大到維吉尼亞的格陵蘭西南方與拉布拉多.(參考文獻 7251)
Vinnikov, K.A., R.C. Thomson and T.A. Munroe, 2018. Revised classification of the righteye flounders (Teleostei: Pleuronectidae) based on multilocus phylogeny with complete taxon sampling. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 125:147-162. (Ref. 122998)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
近危 (NT) ; Date assessed: 12 February 2021
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 養殖: 實驗的; 游釣魚種: 是的; 水族館: 公眾的水族館
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 0.4 - 7.9, mean 3.4 °C (based on 1760 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.7500 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00550 (0.00398 - 0.00759), b=3.17 (3.08 - 3.26), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增時間超過14 年 (tmax=30; tm=10; K=0.02-0.2; Fec=1,300,000; also Musick et al. 2000 (Ref.
36717)).
Prior r = 0.27, 95% CL = 0.18 - 0.40, Based on 1 full stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (88 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (43 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 5.62 [1.90, 13.84] mg/100g; Iron = 0.178 [0.067, 0.495] mg/100g; Protein = 17.9 [16.0, 20.4] %; Omega3 = 0.35 [0.14, 0.90] g/100g; Selenium = 57.8 [19.5, 148.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 7.93 [1.78, 32.76] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.387 [0.168, 0.655] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
