分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 半咸淡水 底中水层性; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 35388); 深度上下限 5 - 400 m (Ref. 9563), usually 50 - 150 m (Ref. 4968). 溫帶; 75°N - 49°S, 17°W - 177°E (Ref. 54935)
Worldwide in distribution. Eastern Atlantic: Norway to South Africa, also the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Western Pacific: Japan, Korea, Australia and New Zealand. Also known from the Indian Ocean.
遍及全球的分布。 東大西洋: 挪威到南非, 也地中海與黑海。 西太平洋: 日本，韓國，澳洲與紐西蘭。 也已知來自印度洋。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 35.1, range 29 - 35 cm
Max length : 90.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 6953); common length : 40.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 6953); 最大体重: 8.0 kg (Ref. 35388); 最大年龄: 12 年 (Ref. 5377)
背棘 (总数) : 9 - 11; 背的软条 (总数) : 22 - 24; 臀棘: 4; 臀鳍软条: 20 - 23. Gill rakers rudimentary. Minute scales present. Highly compressed body (Ref. 4253). Large dark spot, surrounded by a light ring on each side of the body (Ref. 35388).
鳃耙不发达的。 细小的鳞片呈现。 高度扁长形的身体.(参考文献 4253) 大的深色斑点, 在身体的两边上被一个淡的环包围了。 (参考文献 35388)
Found in areas close to the sea bed (Ref. 6390). Generally solitary. Feeds mainly on schooling bony fishes, occasionally on cephalopods and crustaceans (Ref. 27121). Reproduction takes place at the end of winter and at the start of spring in the northeastern Atlantic, earlier in the Mediterranean. Eggs are pelagic, maturity reached at 4 years (Ref. 36731). Sold fresh (Ref. 9563) and frozen (Ref. 9988). Can be steamed, fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988). The flesh is excellent but is utilized little in West Africa (Ref. 5377).
发现于了接近海床的区域.(参考文献 6390) 通常独居性的。 主要吃群游性硬骨鱼类, 偶然地吃头足类动与甲壳动物.(参考文献 27121) 生鲜贩卖了 (参考文献 9563) 与冷冻.(参考文献 9988) 能被蒸,油炸,火烤, 煮沸, 微波而且烧烤。 (参考文献 9988) 繁殖在冬末发生在东北方的大西洋而在初春, 比较早的在地中海中。 肉是优良的但是在非洲西方部很少被利用.(参考文献 5377) 卵大洋性, 成熟在 4 年达到了.(参考文献 36731)
No studies of their reproductive development or early life history have been undertaken in Australia (Ref. 6390). Pelagic eggs (Ref. 35388).遍及全球的分布。 東大西洋: 挪威到南非, 也地中海與黑海。 西太平洋: 日本，韓國，澳洲與紐西蘭。 也已知來自印度洋。
Karrer, C. and A. Post, 1990. Zeidae. p. 631-633. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 6953)
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 游钓鱼种: 是的; 水族馆: 公众的水族馆
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 6.7 - 23.7, mean 13.6 °C (based on 1223 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.7656 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01660 (0.01364 - 0.02020), b=2.91 (2.85 - 2.97), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.8 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.15; tm=3-4; tmax=12).
Prior r = 0.74, 95% CL = 0.49 - 1.10, Based on 1 full stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (39 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 14.1 [8.1, 27.2] mg/100g; Iron = 0.246 [0.139, 0.432] mg/100g; Protein = 19.2 [16.0, 21.6] %; Omega3 = 0.65 [0.34, 1.23] g/100g; Selenium = 21 [10, 42] μg/100g; VitaminA = 16.8 [4.4, 66.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.368 [0.254, 0.546] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
