分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) >
Rhinopteridae (Cownose rays)
Etymology: Rhinoptera: Greek, rhinos = nose + Greek,pteron = fin, wing (Ref. 45335).
More on authors: Evermann & Jenkins.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 礁區魚類; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 65 m (Ref. 117244), usually 0 - 25 m. 熱帶; 32°N - 5°S, 117°W - 76°W
Eastern Pacific: Gulf of California to Costa Rica and the Galapagos Islands. Probably occurring elsewhere.
東太平洋: 加州灣到哥斯大黎加與加拉巴哥群島。 可能出現其他地方。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 71.0, range 65 - ? cm
Max length : 91.6 cm WD 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 116975)
Adults are found over soft bottoms, near rocky or coral reefs; also near reef drop-offs (Ref. 12951). They occasionally swim near the surface and may jump out of the water. Often in schools, sometimes associated with Aetobatus narinari, the spotted eagle ray (Ref. 12951). Adults feed on benthic crustaceans and mollusks. Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449).
發現在軟質底部上了, 在岩礁或珊瑚礁的附近; 也在礁海峭壁的附近.(參考文獻 12951) 偶然地接近水表面而且可能離開水面跳躍。 常形成魚群, 有時伴隨著 Aetobatus narinari ，有斑點的鷹魟.(參考文獻 12951) 吃底棲的甲殼動物與軟體動物。 卵胎生的.(參考文獻 50449)
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449).東太平洋: 加州灣到哥斯大黎加與加拉巴哥群島。 可能出現其他地方。
McEachran, J.D. and G. Notarbartolo di Sciara, 1995. Rhinopteridae. Gavilanes. p. 782-783. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para los Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9263)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
近危 (NT) (A2d); Date assessed: 08 February 2019
人類使用
漁業: 沒有興趣; 水族館: 公眾的水族館
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 19.7 - 29.1, mean 24.2 °C (based on 266 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01148 (0.00463 - 0.02844), b=2.98 (2.76 - 3.20), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.50 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 4.4 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增時間超過14 年 (k = 0.25; tmax = 10.75; tm = 3.92; Fec = 1).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (50 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 7.27 [0.83, 109.36] mg/100g; Iron = 0.396 [0.033, 4.161] mg/100g; Protein = 20.6 [15.3, 25.9] %; Omega3 = 0.0736 [, ] g/100g; Selenium = 29 [6, 147] μg/100g; VitaminA = 30.9 [2.6, 334.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.769 [0.049, 8.696] mg/100g (wet weight);
