Ελασμοβράγχιοι (καρχαρίες και σαλάχια) (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) >
Gymnuridae (Butterfly rays)
Etymology: Gymnura: Greek, gymnos = naked + Greek, oura = tail (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Peters.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Οικολογία
Θαλασσινό(ά) βενθικό(ς). Tropical
Eastern Central Pacific: from Gulf of California to Peru (Ref. 130539).
Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 31.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 9255)
In coastal waters, estuaries and lagoons, but occasionally also in greater depths. Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Γεννητική Ωρίμανση | Αναπαραγωγή | Γεννοβολία | Αβγά | Γονιμότητα | Προνύμφες
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205).
McEachran, J.D., 1995. Gymnuridae. Rayas-mariposa, tuyos. p. 756-758. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para los Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9255)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
αλιεία: περιορισμένης εμπορικότητας
Εργαλεία
Special reports
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00776 (0.00351 - 0.01718), b=3.09 (2.89 - 3.29), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.6 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Ελαστικότητα (Ref.
120179): Πολύ χαμηλό, ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού > 14 έτη (Fec assumed to be <10).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (21 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 57 [14, 281] mg/100g; Iron = 0.815 [0.205, 2.351] mg/100g; Protein = 21.9 [18.4, 24.8] %; Omega3 = 0.217 [0.056, 0.667] g/100g; Selenium = 28.6 [8.6, 94.0] μg/100g; VitaminA = 41.2 [11.3, 143.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.07 [0.50, 2.08] mg/100g (wet weight);