Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Οικολογία
Θαλασσινό(ά) βενθικό(ς); εύρος βάθους 10 - ? m. Temperate; 29°S - 45°S, 144°E - 175°W
Southwest Pacific: New Zealand and southern Australia.
Length at first maturity / Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age
Maturity: Lm ?, range 40 - ? cm
Max length : 80.0 cm FL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 13700); common length : 63.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 9258); μεγ. αναφερόμενη ηλικία: 33 έτη (Ref. 12155)
Most adults form school offshore over mainly open bottom. Some adults do not school but remain around reefs. Juveniles occur inshore, usually around rocky reefs.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Αναπαραγωγή | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Προνύμφες
Paulin, C., A. Stewart, C. Roberts and P. McMillan, 1989. New Zealand fish: a complete guide. National Museum of New Zealand Miscellaneous Series No. 19. 279 p. (Ref. 5755)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
αλιεία: Εμπορικό(ά); αλιεία αναψυχής: ναί
Εργαλεία
Special reports
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 14.9 - 21.4, mean 17.6 °C (based on 22 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.7812 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01950 (0.00827 - 0.04596), b=2.97 (2.76 - 3.18), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref.
69278): 3.3 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Ελαστικότητα (Ref.
120179): Χαμηλό, ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού 4,5 - 14 έτη (K=0.21; tm=5-6; tmax=33).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 27.1 [14.6, 48.1] mg/100g; Iron = 0.366 [0.190, 0.670] mg/100g; Protein = 18 [17, 19] %; Omega3 = 0.428 [0.240, 0.762] g/100g; Selenium = 17.6 [8.8, 36.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.08 [2.24, 37.14] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.392 [0.269, 0.571] mg/100g (wet weight);
