Ελασμοβράγχιοι (καρχαρίες και σαλάχια) (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) >
Myliobatidae (Eagle and manta rays)
Etymology: Myliobatis: Greek, mylo = mill + Greek, + Greek, batis,-idos = a ray (Raja sp.) (Ref. 45335).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Οικολογία
Θαλασσινό(ά); Υφάλμυρο βενθοπελαγικό; εύρος βάθους 0 - 160 m (Ref. 26346). Temperate
Southwest Pacific: Norfolk Island and New Zealand, including the Kermadec Islands.
Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 150 cm WD αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 12951); common length : 100.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 9258)
Short description
Κλείδες προσδιορισμού | Μορφολογία | Μορφομετρία
Olive-green, yellow or dark brown dorsally with pale blue or grey markings; white ventrally (Ref. 26346). No caudal fin (Ref. 26346).
Occurs in bays, estuaries, and near rocky reefs (Ref. 12951). Usually solitary (Ref. 12951). Feeds on clams, oysters, worms, and crabs (Ref. 12951). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Although the spine on the tail is capable of inflicting a painful wound, the poison is quickly neutralized by immersion of the injured area in hot water (Ref. 26346).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Αναπαραγωγή | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Προνύμφες
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Young are born at less than 50 cm (Ref. 26346).
Francis, M.P., 1993. Checklist of the coastal fishes of Lord Howe, Norfolk, and Kermadec Islands, Southwest Pacific Ocean. Pac. Sci. 47(2):136-170. (Ref. 8879)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Human uses
αλιεία: περιορισμένης εμπορικότητας
Εργαλεία
Special reports
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 14.4 - 19.8, mean 16.6 °C (based on 74 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5002 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00389 (0.00123 - 0.01235), b=3.08 (2.82 - 3.34), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Ελαστικότητα (Ref.
120179): Χαμηλό, ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού 4,5 - 14 έτη (Fec assumed to be <100).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (83 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 3.64 [0.51, 61.12] mg/100g; Iron = 0.186 [0.018, 2.244] mg/100g; Protein = 19.8 [14.5, 25.0] %; Omega3 = 0.327 [0.095, 0.951] g/100g; Selenium = 14.3 [2.7, 79.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 4.82 [0.41, 52.01] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.407 [0.030, 4.511] mg/100g (wet weight);
