Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Sinh thái học
Biển Cùng sống ở rạn san hô; Mức độ sâu 3 - 200 m (Ref. 26938). Subtropical; 42°N - 18°S, 98°W - 34°W
Western Atlantic: Rhode Island (USA), Bermuda, and northern Gulf of Mexico southward to Brazil. Most abundant in the West Indies (Ref. 9626).
Length at first maturity / Bộ gần gũi / Khối lượng (Trọng lượng) / Age
Maturity: Lm 36.0, range 30 - 42 cm
Max length : 76.0 cm FL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 40637); common length : 54.0 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 3815); Khối lượng cực đại được công bố: 10.6 kg (Ref. 4699)
Các tia vây lưng cứng (tổng cộng) : 12; Các vây lưng mềm (tổng cộng) : 12; Tia cứng vây hậu môn: 3; Tia mềm vây hậu môn: 10. Blue line under each eye. Corner of mouth and isthmus have orange cast (Ref. 26938). An irregular row of small molariform teeth inside and toward the front of the three usual rows of molars at side of upper jaw; dorsal profile of head evenly convex and not very steep (Ref. 13442).
Inhabits coastal waters. Found on vegetated sand bottoms and more frequently on coral bottoms. Occasionally found at depths at least 180m (Ref. 09710) and 200 m. (Ref. 26938). Large adults are usually solitary. Feeds mainly on sea urchins, (including Diadema, Ref. 13442), crabs and mollusks. Excellent food fish (Ref. 5521).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Sự tái sinh sản | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Ấu trùng
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 9710)
Human uses
Các nghề cá: buôn bán nhỏ; cá để chơi: đúng
Các công cụ
Special reports
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Các nguồn internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 18.6 - 27.5, mean 24.3 °C (based on 261 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.02630 (0.01684 - 0.04108), b=2.92 (2.79 - 3.05), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Mức dinh dưỡng (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 7.8 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
Thích nghi nhanh (Ref.
120179): Trung bình, thời gian nhân đôi của chủng quần tối thiểu là 1.4 - 4.4 năm (tm=3).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (59 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 18.2 [7.6, 38.0] mg/100g; Iron = 0.493 [0.250, 1.048] mg/100g; Protein = 20 [19, 21] %; Omega3 = 0.176 [0.096, 0.330] g/100g; Selenium = 23.3 [10.6, 48.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 22.5 [5.2, 98.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.56 [0.34, 0.85] mg/100g (wet weight);
