Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Écologie
marin; saumâtre démersal; profondeur 1 - 60 m (Ref. 9626). Tropical; 21°N - 26°S, 90°W - 34°W
Western Atlantic: Antilles and Costa Rica to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Also Honduras (Ref. 26938).
Length at first maturity / Taille / Poids / Âge
Maturity: Lm 11.1 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 31.0 cm TL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 5217); common length : 20.0 cm TL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 3702); poids max. publié: 500.00 g (Ref. 5217)
Épines dorsales (Total) : 11; Rayons mous dorsaux (Total) : 24 - 26; Épines anales: 2; Rayons mous anaux: 7 - 8. Colour silvery grey, darker above. A dark spot at bases of pectoral fins. Pelvic and anal fins often yellowish. A medium-sized to small fish, short and robust. Mouth very large, strongly oblique, lower jaw projecting. Teeth very small and sharp, set in 1 or 2 rows along edges of jaws. Chin without barbels, but with 4 minute pores. Snout with 5 marginal pores, no rostral pores. Gas bladder with a pair of small, horn-like anterior appendages. Sagitta (large earstone) thick and short (Ref 51721).
Inhabits coastal waters, usually found over mud and sandy mud bottoms (Ref. 3702). Also in estuaries (Ref. 3702). Important food fish.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Reproduction | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larves
Cervigón, F., 1993. Los peces marinos de Venezuela. Volume 2. Fundación Científica Los Roques, Caracas,Venezuela. 497 p. (Ref. 9626)
Statut dans la liste rouge de l'IUCN (Ref. 130435)
Menace pour l'homme
Harmless
Utilisations par l'homme
Pêcheries: commercial; appât: occasionally
Outils
Articles particuliers
Télécharger en XML
Sources Internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.7 - 28.1, mean 27.5 °C (based on 186 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5156 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00871 (0.00800 - 0.00948), b=3.09 (3.07 - 3.11), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Niveau trophique (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.6 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 2.0 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
Résilience (Ref.
120179): Haut, temps minimum de doublement de population inférieur à 15 mois (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (25 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 177 [103, 341] mg/100g; Iron = 1.15 [0.62, 2.00] mg/100g; Protein = 19.1 [18.0, 20.1] %; Omega3 = 0.248 [0.133, 0.412] g/100g; Selenium = 49.5 [27.5, 92.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 20.4 [8.2, 54.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.45 [1.06, 2.05] mg/100g (wet weight);
