分类 / Names
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Teleostei >
Beloniformes (Needle fishes) >
Exocoetidae (Flyingfishes)
Etymology: Parexocoetus: Greek, para in the side of + Greek, exos = outside + Greek, koite = hole (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Richardson.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 20 m. 亞熱帶的; 37°N - 35°S, 34°E -
Indo-Pacific: widespread from East Africa, including the Red Sea (Ref. 26165) to southern Japan, Hawaii, the Marquesas, and Queensland (Australia); separate population in the eastern tropical Pacific (Bay of Panama). Western Atlantic: northeastern Florida, USA and the Bahamas to Brazil (Ref. 7251); common in Caribbean Sea and Lesser Antilles area; less common in the Gulf of Mexico, the Gulf Stream and the western Sargasso Sea (Ref. 3720). Eastern Atlantic: Guinea to Angola (Ref. 4498).
印度-太平洋: 廣泛分佈從東非, 包括紅海 (參考文獻 26165) 到日本南部，夏威夷，馬可薩斯島與昆士蘭省 (澳洲); 在熱帶的太平洋 (巴拿馬的海灣) 東部分開族群。 西大西洋: 美國的佛羅里達東北方與巴哈馬到巴西;(參考文獻 7251) 常見於加勒比海與小安地列斯群島區域; 較不普遍在墨西哥灣, 墨西哥灣流與藻海 西部.(參考文獻 3720) 東大西洋: 幾內亞到安哥拉.(參考文獻 4498)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 12.0, range 11 - 13 cm
Max length : 20.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 5217); common length : 16.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 5217)
背棘 (总数) : 0; 背的软条 (总数) : 12 - 14; 臀棘: 0; 臀鳍软条: 12 - 14. Body iridescent greenish blue dorsally, silvery white ventrally; dorsal black except for base and posterior rays which are pale; pelvic fins greyish, other fins transparent (Ref. 2797).
身体彩虹色的蓝绿色的背面, 腹面银白色的; 背部的黑色除了基底与在后部的鳍条，那是灰白的; 腹鳍略灰色又其他的鳍透明.(参考文献 2797)
Occurs in coastal waters (Ref. 9300), rare in the open ocean (Ref. 9839). Capable of leaping out of the water and gliding for considerable distances above the surface. 3-4 individuals aggregate during breeding (Ref. 47825). Carnivorous (Ref. 9137). Not important as food fish, but occasionally taken by fisheries.
出现于沿岸水域 (参考文献 9300), 稀有的在开放性海域中.(参考文献 9839) 能够从水中跳出来而且在水面上滑行相当的距离。 3-4个个体在繁殖的时候聚集。 (参考文献 47825) 肉食性.(参考文献 9137) 不是重要的作为食用鱼, 但是偶然地采自了渔场。
During breeding, a spawning aggregation composed at least of 3-4 individuals, probably 2-3 males to 1 female, were observed jumping and flying over the water surface, exuding ripe eggs and sperm in the process.
Spawning on surface substrate (e.g. flotsam) when present is the usual reproductive mode but other modes may be employed if this substrate is not available. The fertilised eggs may remain suspended in the water surface during its development with the help of the small filaments on the egg surface and the adhesive filaments holding the egg mass together, by increasing the surface to volume ratio of the eggs, which aids in propping the eggs up in the water column. The eggs may also be suspended upon current or become benthic.印度-太平洋: 廣泛分佈從東非, 包括紅海 (參考文獻 26165) 到日本南部，夏威夷，馬可薩斯島與昆士蘭省 (澳洲); 在熱帶的太平洋 (巴拿馬的海灣) 東部分開族群。 西大西洋: 美國的佛羅里達東北方與巴哈馬到巴西;(參考文獻 7251) 常見於加勒比海與小安地列斯群島區域; 較不普遍在墨西哥灣, 墨西哥灣流與藻海 西部.(參考文獻 3720) 東大西洋: 幾內亞到安哥拉.(參考文獻 4498)
Parin, N.V., 1996. On the species composition of flying fishes (Exocoetidae) in the West-Central part of tropical Pacific. J. Ichthyol. 36(5):357-364. (Ref. 27313)
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渔业: 低经济
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 23.3 - 29.2, mean 27.8 °C (based on 4764 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00646 (0.00292 - 0.01429), b=3.04 (2.84 - 3.24), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.4 ±0.45 se; based on food items.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 高度, 族群倍增时间少于 15个月 (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (10 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 479 [160, 1,136] mg/100g; Iron = 3.29 [1.39, 7.43] mg/100g; Protein = 17.6 [15.4, 19.7] %; Omega3 = 0.339 [0.115, 1.121] g/100g; Selenium = 32.4 [11.1, 88.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9 [2, 49] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.45 [0.85, 2.51] mg/100g (wet weight);
