Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
البيئة
بحري; مياه مخلوطة القاع; نطاق العمق 0 - 183 m (Ref. 26268), usually 1 - 30 m (Ref. 26268). Subtropical; 45°N - 15°N, 94°W - 65°W (Ref. 26268)
Western Atlantic: New York south through the Florida Keys (USA), through the northern Gulf of Mexico to the Campeche Peninsula, Mexico, the Bahamas, and Cuba.
Length at first maturity / الحجم / وزن / العمر
Maturity: Lm 10.1, range 8 - ? cm
Max length : 21.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 52683)
الأشعة الظهرية الناعمة (المجموع) : 85 - 92; أشعه شرجية لينه: 69 - 72. Eyed side dark brown, sometimes with narrow bars; large blackish patch on opercle.
Very abundant in shallow coastal waters and estuaries. Found on soft muddy bottoms. Feeds mainly on small benthic invertebrates, principally small crabs, polychaetes, copepods, amphipods and ostracods.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | التكاثر | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larvae
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: غير مهمة تجارياً
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
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مصادر علي الأنترنت
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 17.7 - 27.9, mean 24.4 °C (based on 406 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00437 (0.00352 - 0.00541), b=3.19 (3.13 - 3.25), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (Ref.
69278): 3.2 ±0.40 se; based on food items.
المرونه (Ref.
120179): وسيط, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع 1.4-4.4 سنة (tmax=5).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (32 of 100).
