Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; demersal; depth range 10 - ? m. Temperate; 29°S - 45°S, 144°E - 175°W
Southwest Pacific: New Zealand and southern Australia.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ?, range 40 - ? cm
Max length : 80.0 cm FL male/unsexed; (Ref. 13700); common length : 63.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 9258); max. reported age: 33 years (Ref. 12155)
Most adults form school offshore over mainly open bottom. Some adults do not school but remain around reefs. Juveniles occur inshore, usually around rocky reefs.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Reproduction | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larvae
Paulin, C., A. Stewart, C. Roberts and P. McMillan, 1989. New Zealand fish: a complete guide. National Museum of New Zealand Miscellaneous Series No. 19. 279 p. (Ref. 5755)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes
Tools
Special reports
Download XML
Internet sources
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 14.9 - 21.4, mean 17.6 °C (based on 22 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.7812 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01950 (0.00827 - 0.04596), b=2.97 (2.76 - 3.18), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.3 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Resilience (Ref.
120179): Low, minimum population doubling time 4.5 - 14 years (K=0.21; tm=5-6; tmax=33).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 27.1 [14.6, 48.1] mg/100g; Iron = 0.366 [0.190, 0.670] mg/100g; Protein = 18 [17, 19] %; Omega3 = 0.428 [0.240, 0.762] g/100g; Selenium = 17.6 [8.8, 36.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.08 [2.24, 37.14] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.392 [0.269, 0.571] mg/100g (wet weight);
