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Spine dorsali (totale) : 7; Raggi dorsali molli (totale) : 9 - 10; Spine anali: 2; Raggi anali molli: 8 - 9. Eye very large, much greater than snout. Pectoral fin long, reaching at least origin of anal fin. Preopercular edge only slightly serrated, preopercular ridge smooth. Body and fins red or pink, back and upper surface of head dusky. Two or three dark spots, sometimes joined, along base of caudal fin. Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: compressed.
Occasionally forms schools; sometimes solitary. Inhabits muddy or rocky bottoms and caves (Ref. 4738). A sciaphilous species thriving in a number of shady/dark habitats and frequents marine caves, where it forms large schools (Ref. 118281). Feeds on small invertebrates and fishes (Ref. 4738). Observed to feed in the water column and just over the bottom, always at night; 93.4% of observed events occurring outside the caves, usually on rocky bottoms and Posidonia oceanica meadows, and to a lesser extent on pebbles (Ref. 118281). Oral brooding by males (Ref. 4738).
Males incubate eggs in buccal cavity (Ref. 205, 4738, 74407). Embryos do not feed externally in the buccal cavity. Distinct pairing during courtship and spawning (Ref. 205). Internal fertilization and paternal care by mouthbrooding is found to be a rare combination of reproductive strategy (Ref. 74407). Also Ref. 240.
Tortonese, E., 1986. Apogonidae. p. 803-809. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. vol. 2. (Ref. 4738)
Stato della Lista Rossa IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Fisiologia Composizione corporea Nutrienti Consumo di ossigeno Tipo di nuoto Velocità di nuoto Pigmenti visivi Suono del pesce Malattie e parassiti Tossicità (LC50)
Temperatura preferita (Fonte Biblio. 123201): 13.3 - 20.9, mean 16.3 °C (based on 216 cells).
Indice di diversità filogenetica (Fonte Biblio. 82804): PD50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01096 (0.00635 - 0.01893), b=3.09 (2.95 - 3.23), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref. 93245).
Livello trofico (Fonte Biblio. 69278): 3.4 ±0.61 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 1.2 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1 growth studies.
Resilienza (Fonte Biblio. 120179): Medio, tempo minimo di raddoppiamento della popolazione 1.4 - 4.4 anni (K=0.90; tmax=5).
Vulnerabilità della pesca (Ref. 59153): Low vulnerability (15 of 100). 🛈
