Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Οικολογία
Θαλασσινό(ά) βενθικό(ς); εύρος βάθους 19 - 130 m (Ref. 26938). Subtropical; 37°N - 7°N, 98°W - 59°W
Western Atlantic: North Carolina to southern Florida, USA, northern Bahamas, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Colombia to Trinidad and Tobago.
Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 71.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 26938); common length : 35.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 3275); μεγ. δημοσιευμένο βάρος: 2.8 kg (Ref. 40637)
Occurs in bays, lagoons and shallow coastal waters (Ref. 7251). Inhabits mainly hard and sandy bottoms (Ref. 3275).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Αναπαραγωγή | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Προνύμφες
Distinct pairing (Ref. 205).
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
αλιεία: περιορισμένης εμπορικότητας
Εργαλεία
Special reports
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 21.1 - 27.5, mean 24.2 °C (based on 84 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00646 (0.00290 - 0.01435), b=3.17 (2.99 - 3.35), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref.
69278): 4.3 ±0.6 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Ελαστικότητα (Ref.
120179): Μεσαίο(α), ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού 1,4 - 4,4 έτη (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (48 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 58.7 [24.8, 117.4] mg/100g; Iron = 0.916 [0.426, 1.695] mg/100g; Protein = 16.6 [14.2, 19.9] %; Omega3 = 0.204 [0.109, 0.378] g/100g; Selenium = 32.1 [13.9, 72.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 11.1 [2.7, 46.2] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.411 [0.267, 0.633] mg/100g (wet weight);